Solutions for Chapter 17: Chemical Equilibrium

In a bicyclic system, the carbon atoms where the rings are fused together.

A reaction involving loss of CO2, characteristic of compounds containing a carbonyl group that is beta to a COOH group.

Electrons that are spread over a number of atoms in a molecule or a crystal rather than localized on a single atom or a pair of atoms. (Section 9.6)

A measure of a solvent’s ability to insulate opposite charges from one another

The angle by which two groups are separated in a Newman projection.

A compound containing two hydroxyl groups

A mode of radioactive decay in which an inner-shell orbital electron is captured by the nucleus. (Section 21.1)

Female sex hormones.

A statement that energy is conserved in any process. One way to express the law is that the change in internal energy, ?E, of a system in any process is equal to the heat, q, added to the system, plus the work, w, done on the system by its surroundings: ?E = q + w. (Section 5.2)

A charge associated with any atom that does not exhibit the appropriate number of valence electrons.

A molecule containing an !OH and an !OR or !OAr group bonded to the same carbon

Instrumentation that is capable of separating ions that differ in mass by as little as 0.0001 amu

Water repelling. The term is often used to describe a type of colloid. (Section 13.6)

An alloy in which smaller atoms fit into spaces between larger atoms. The larger atoms are metallic elements and the smaller atoms are typically nonmetallic elements. (Section 12.3)

Compounds whose molecules have the same overall composition but different structures. (Sections 2.9 and 23.4)

A measure of the strength of an acid: Ka = Keq 3H2O4 = 3H3O+ 4 3A- 4 3HA4

The science of extracting metals from their natural sources by a combination of chemical and physical processes. It is also concerned with the properties and structures of metals and alloys. (Section 23.1)

In a BaeyerVilliger oxidation, the migration rates of different groups, which determine the regiochemical outcome of the reaction.

A plane that bisects a compound into two halves that are mirror images of each other.

A large molecule of high molecular mass, formed by the joining together, or polymerization, of a large number of molecules of low molecular mass. The individual molecules forming the polymer are called monomers. (Sections 12.1 and 12.8)