Solutions for Chapter 18: Acids and Bases

A carbon adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.

A monocyclic compound that is planar or nearly so, has one 2p orbital on each atom of the ring, and has 4n p electrons in the cyclic arrangement of overlapping 2p orbitals, where n is an integer. Antiaromatic compounds are especially unstable

A three-dimensional plot of y2 of a wavefunction. It is a region of space that can accommodate electron density.

The distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. (9.4)

Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances; also called chemical changes. (Section 1.3)

A complex polymer resulting from the polymerization of two or more chemically different monomers. (Section 12.8)

A unit of measure fordipole moments, where 1 debye = 10-18 esu×cm.

The number of full cycles of a wave that pass a given point in a second, and reported in hertz (Hz), which has the units s21

A reaction that involves the addition of X2 (either Br2 or Cl2) across an alkene.

The heat given off during a reaction in which an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce CO2 and water.

A compound containing a hydroxyl group (OH) and an alkoxy group (OR) connected to the same carbon atom.

A twostep process that achieves an anti-Markovnikov addition of a proton and a hydroxyl group (OH) across an alkene.

A method for converting an alkene to an alcohol. The alkene is treated with borane (BH3) to give a trialkylborane, which is then oxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to give an alcohol

A tentative explanation of a series of observations or of a natural law. (Section 1.3)

A compound containing a CRN bond.

Different compounds with the same molecular formula.

A model of enzyme action in which the substrate molecule is pictured as fitting rather specifically into the active site on the enzyme. It is assumed that in being bound to the active site, the substrate is somehow activated for reaction. (Section 14.7)

An allowed state for an electron in a molecule. According to molecular-orbital theory, a molecular orbital is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron in an atom. Most bonding molecular orbitals can be classified as s or p, depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis. (Section 9.7)

A diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derived; also called an energy-level diagram. (Section 9.7)

A term used to indicate that exactly one alkyl group is attached directly to a particular position. For example, a primary carbocation has one alkyl group (not more) attached directly to the electrophilic carbon atom (C+).