Solutions for Chapter 15: Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

A reaction in which a reagent adds to the two carbon atoms of a carbon–carbon multiple bond. (Section 24.3)

The distance between atoms in a covalent bond in picometers (pm; 1 pm 5 10212 m) or Å (1Å 5 10210 m).

A measure of the ability of an atom that is bonded to another atom to attract electrons to itself. (Section 8.4)

The structure of the transition state for an exothermic step looks more like the reactants of that step than the products. Conversely, the structure of the transition state for an endothermic step looks more like the products of that step than the reactants.

A complex whose electrons populate the d orbitals to give the maximum number of unpaired electrons. (Section 23.6)

A carbohydrate for which the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group will have an OH group pointing to the left in the Fischer projection.

Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe. (Section 1.1)

Radiation that does not have sufficient energy to remove an electron from a molecule. (Section 21.9)

The substance that is reduced and thereby causes the oxidation of some other substance in an oxidation–reduction reaction. (Section 20.1)

Units used on NMR spectra to record chemical shift relative to the TMS standard.

A rule stating that no two electrons in an atom may have the same four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, and ms). As a reflection of this principle, there can be no more than two electrons in any one atomic orbital. (Section 6.7)

The ratio of the actual (experimental) yield of a product to its theoretical (calculated) yield, multiplied by 100. (Section 3.7)

Reactions that occur via a concerted process and do not involve either ionic or radical intermediates.

A polymer in which each monomer unit is joined to the next by an ester bond, as, for example, poly(ethylene terephthalate).

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. (Section 2.3)

An intermediate that has both a negative charge and an unpaired electron.

A nucleophilic substitution in which the solvent is also the nucleophile

A Michaelreaction in which an enamine functions as anucleophile.

An addition reaction in which two groups are added to the same face of a p bond.

The distance between adjacent peaks of an oscillating magnetic or electric field.