Organic Chemistry, - Standalone Book 2nd Edition - Solutions by Chapter

For a substituted aromatic ring, the effect of an electron-donating substituent that increases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

A carbohydrate that contains an aldehyde group.

Helium ions with a positive charge of 12. (2.2)

An atom or group of atoms bearing a negative charge.

An equilibrium property measured by the position of equilibrium in an acid-base reaction, as, for example, the acid-base reaction between ammonia and water.

In 13C NMR spectroscopy, a technique in which all 13C!1H splitting is suppressed with the use of two rf transmitters.

Tables of data on absorption patterns of functional groups.

Compounds containing only covalent bonds. (9.4)

A procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution. (4.5)

The expression that describes the relationship among the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the substances present in a system at equilibrium. The numerator is obtained by multiplying the concentrations of the substances on the product side of the equation, each raised to a power equal to its coefficient in the chemical equation. The denominator similarly contains the concentrations of the substances on the reactant side of the equation. (Section 15.2)

Spin-spin coupling that occurs between nonequivalent H atoms bonded to the same C atom. The H atoms are generally nonequivalent owing to restricted bond rotation in the molecule

Cleavage of a bond so that one fragment retains both electrons and the other retains none.

Protons that are interchangeable by rotational symmetry.

A compound with the structure R!C#C!R, where each R group is not a hydrogen atom.

A substance that does not ionize in water and consequently gives a nonconducting solution. (Section 4.1)

A C6H5 group.

Common leaving groups. Examples include tosylate, mesylate, and triflate ions.

A group of intermolecular attractive forces including dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) forces

A process that involves the removal of a carbon atom from an aldose. The aldehyde group is first converted to a cyanohydrin, followed by loss of HCN in the presence of a base.

A neutral molecule with positive and negative charges on adjacent atoms