Solutions for Chapter 19: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

The particular arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential-energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products. (Section 14.5)

Specific site on a heterogeneous catalyst or an enzyme where catalysis occurs. (Section 14.7)

The hemiacetal or acetal carbon of the cyclic form of a carbohydrate

The average mass of the atoms of an element in atomic mass units (amu); it is numerically equal to the mass in grams of one mole of the element. (Section 2.4)

A reaction in which a molecule, such as HCl, HBr, HI, or HOH, is split out or eliminated from adjacent carbons

A compound that contains the ¬COOH functional group. (Sections 16.10 and 24.4)

A chemical reaction that proceeds with evolution of heat and usually also a flame; most combustion involves reaction with oxygen, as in the burning of a match. (Section 3.2)

In an acid-base reaction, the product that results when an acid is deprotonated.

An aldol reaction that occurs between different partners.

A state of balance in which opposing processes occur at the same rate. (Section 11.5)

A CH2 group.

A reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts; the neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt. (Section 4.3)

A property that a substance possesses if it contains one or more unpaired electrons. A paramagnetic substance is drawn into a magnetic field. (Section 9.8)

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture. (Section 10.6)

A bond formed between two amino acids. (Section 24.7)

A graph of pH as a function of added titrant. (Section 17.3)

A polymer in which each monomer unit is joined to the next by an ester bond, as, for example, poly(ethylene terephthalate).

A particle with the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge, 0 +1e, or b+. (Section 21.1)

A reaction that has a rate equation in which the sum of all exponents is three

A nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring that is twisted from and slightly more stable than a boat conformation.