Solutions for Chapter 19: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

A type of secondary structure in which a section of polypeptide chain coils into a spiral, most commonly a right-handed spiral.

A substance that yields hydrogen ions (H1) when dissolved in water. (2.7)

A resonance-stabilized cation with the structure [RC"O]1 or [ArC"O]1. The positive charge is delocalized over both the carbonyl carbon and the carbonyl oxygen.

An organic compound containing the hydroxyl group —OH. (24.4)

A conformation in which a hydrogen atom and a leaving group are separated by a dihedral angle of exactly 180°.

The peak caused by the most abundant ion in a mass spectrum; the most intense peak. It is assigned an arbitrary intensity of 100

A state of dynamic balance in which the rate of formation of the products of a reaction from the reactants equals the rate of formation of the reactants from the products; at equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. (Section 4.1;Chapter 15: Introduction)

A notation that uses chemical symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a substance. (Section 2.6)

Protein that does not exhibit normal biological activities. (25.3)

A covalent bond involving two electron pairs. (Section 8.3)

Atoms or groups on an atom that give an achiral molecule when one of the groups is replaced by another group. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of propane, for example, are homotopic. Replacing either one of them with deuterium gives 2-deuteropropane, which is achiral. Homotopic groups have identical chemical shifts under all conditions

An orbital formed by the combination of two or more atomic orbitals.

A pair of unshared, or nonbonding, electrons.

An assembly of a metal ion and the Lewis bases bonded to it. (Section 23.2)

The smallest increment (a quantum) of radiant energy; a photon of light with frequency n has an energy equal to hn. (Section 6.2)

Lipids that contain 20 carbon atoms and are characterized by a five-membered ring with two side chains.

A mixture of equal amounts of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms of a chiral molecule. A racemic mixture will not rotate the plane of polarized light. (Section 23.4)

A high-energy species formed between two successive reaction steps, that lies in an energy minimum between the two transition states

Compounds containing silicon and oxygen, structurally based on SiO4 tetrahedra. (Section 22.10)

The three-dimensional arrangement in space of all atoms in a single polypeptide chain.