Solutions for Chapter 20: Aldehydes and Ketones

An object that lacks chirality; an object that has no handedness

The conjugate base of a terminal alkyne.

A substance (molecule or ion) that acts as a proton donor. (Section 16.2)

A microcrystalline form of carbon. (Section 22.9)

A liquid crystal formed from flat, disc-shaped molecules that align through a stacking of the molecular discs. (Section 11.7)

A complex polymer resulting from the polymerization of two or more chemically different monomers. (Section 12.8)

A law stating that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone. (Section 10.6)

Incorporation of a hetero atom into a solid to change its electrical properties. For example, incorporation of P into Si. (Section 12.7)

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom or molecule (Section 6.8)

In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique in which the compound is first dissolved in a solvent and then sprayed via a high-voltage needle into a vacuum chamber. The tiny droplets of solution become charged by the needle, and subsequent evaporation forms gas-phase molecular ions that typically carry one or more charges.

A diagram that shows the energies of molecular orbitals relative to the atomic orbitals from which they are derived. Also called a molecular-orbital diagram. (Section 9.7)

An equation for either an oxidation or a reduction that explicitly shows the electrons involved, for example, Zn2 + 1aq2 + 2 e- ¡ Zn1s2. (Section 20.2)

Bonding that results from intermolecular attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve OH, NH, and HF. (Section 11.2)

A principle stating that when we disturb a system at chemical equilibrium, the relative concentrations of reactants and

A representation of covalent bonding in a molecule that is drawn using Lewis symbols. Shared electron pairs are shown as lines, and unshared electron pairs are shown as pairs of dots. Only the valence-shell electrons are shown. (Section 8.3)

A variety of enzymes that selectively hydrolyze specific peptide bonds.

The sign of the wave function at particular coordinates in space, either plus or minus. Phasing is often represented by colors, such as red or blue

A compound that contains two SR groups, both of which are connected to the same carbon atom.

A triester formed from glycerol and three long-chain carboxylic acids.

A theory that treats a bond as the sharing of electrons that are associated with individual atoms, rather than being associated with the entire molecule.