Solutions for Chapter 21: Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Edition

Element in which the 5f orbitals are only partially occupied. (Section 6.8)

The product obtained when the aldehyde group of an aldose is reduced.

An ion with a net negative charge. (2.5)

A conformation in which the dihedral angle between two groups is 180°.

The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. (5.3)

Colors that, when mixed in proper proportions, appear white or colorless. (Section 23.5)

A substance composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions. (Section 1.2)

Removal of !H and !X from adjacent carbons; a type of b-elimination

A type of magnetism that causes a substance with no unpaired electrons to be weakly repelled from a magnetic field. (Section 9.8)

The ability to do work.

A device used for the analysis of a mixture that contains several compounds.

A compound containing a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group on adjacent carbons; those containing Br and OH are bromohydrins, and those containing Cl and OH are chlorohydrins.

A twostep process that achieves an anti-Markovnikov addition of a proton and a hydroxyl group (OH) across an alkene.

A polar group that has favorable interactions with water.

A measure of the strength of an acid: Ka = Keq 3H2O4 = 3H3O+ 4 3A- 4 3HA4

A conversion of one kind of nucleus to another. (Section 21.3)

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture. (Section 10.6)

The structure that arises when a protein consists of two or more folded polypeptide chains that aggregate to form one protein complex.

A reaction that can produce two or more constitutional isomers but nevertheless produces one as the major product.

A double-helix model for the secondary structure of a DNA molecule