Solutions for Chapter 21: Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Edition

A substance that is able to donate a H+ ion (a proton) and, hence, increases the concentration of H+1aq2 when it dissolves in water. (Section 4.3)

Elements that have incompletely filled 5f subshells or readily give rise to cations that have incompletely filled 5f subshells. (7.9)

A reaction that achieves the installation of an alkyl group. For example, an SN2 reaction in which an alkyl group is connected to an attacking nucleophile.

The positions that are adjacent to the vinylic positions of a carboncarbon double bond.

A carbon adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.

The electrode at which reduction occurs. (18.2)

An ion with a net positive charge. (2.5)

The transfer of reactivity of an endgroup from one chain to another during a polymerization

Reactions in which two p systems are joined together in a way that forms a ring. In the process, two p bonds are converted into two s bonds.

A form of magnetism in which unpaired electron spins on different-type ions point in opposite directions but do not fully cancel out. (Section 23.1)

The structure of the transition state for an exothermic step looks more like the reactants of that step than the products. Conversely, the structure of the transition state for an endothermic step looks more like the products of that step than the reactants.

Standard heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of a substance in its standard state (gas, liquid, solid) is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water.

Structural isomers of coordination compounds in which a ligand differs in its mode of attachment to a metal ion. (Section 23.4)

An achiral compound possessing two or more chiral centers that also has chiral isomers

Compounds formed when hydrogen reacts with nonmetals and metalloids. (Section 22.2)

A reaction in which a nucleophile, most commonly a halogen, on an aromatic ring is replaced by another nucleophile.

Compounds with the general structure R!O!O!R.

A change in connectivity of the atoms in a product compared with the con nectivity of the same atoms in the starting material.

A hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and three 2p atomic orbitals.

Common leaving groups. Examples include tosylate, mesylate, and triflate ions.