Solutions for Chapter 21: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

For chair conformations of substituted cyclohexanes, a position that is parallel to a vertical axis passing through the center of the ring.

Valence electrons involved in forming a covalent bond (i.e., shared electrons).

A step in a chain reaction characterized by the formation of reactive intermediates (radicals, anions, or cations) from nonradical or noncharged molecules

A polydentate ligand that is capable of occupying two or more sites in the coordination sphere. (Section 23.3)

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. (11.3)

When signal splitting occurs in NMR spectroscopy, the distance between the individual peaks of a signal.

The minimum pressure necessary to bring about liquefaction at the critical temperature. (11.8)

In electrocyclicreactions, a type of rotation in which the orbitalsbeing used to form the new s bond must rotate in opposite directions (one rotates clockwise while the other rotates counterclockwise).

The ability to do work.

Proteins that consist of linear chains that are bundled together.

The constant of proportionality in the ideal-gas equation. (Section 10.4)

A bond between oppositely charged ions. The ions are formed from atoms by transfer of one or more electrons. (Section 8.1)

Elements that are usually solids at room temperature, exhibit high electrical and heat conductivity, and appear lustrous. Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. (Sections 2.5 and 12.1)

A type of carbocation rearrangement in which a methyl group migrates.

A chemical formula that indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance. (Section 2.6)

A reaction in which the CRC bond of an alkene is cleaved to form two CRO bonds.

A bond formed between two amino acids. (Section 24.7)

The most common isotope of hydrogen. (Section 22.2)

An applied magnetic fi eld causes the p electrons of an aromatic ring to circulate, giving rise to the so-called ring current and an associated magnetic fi eld that opposes the applied fi eld in the middle of the ring but reinforces the applied fi eld on the outside of the ring.

Constitutional isomers that rapidly interconvert via the migration of a proton.