Solutions for Chapter 9: Thermochemistry

Next to a carbon-carbon double bond.

A solid that lacks a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. (11.7)

A thermodynamic cycle based on Hess’s law that relates the lattice energy of an ionic substance to its enthalpy of formation and to other measurable quantities. (Section 8.2)

An apparatus that measures the heat released or absorbed in a chemical or physical process. (Section 5.5)

The most stable nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are approximately 109.5°, and all bonds on adjacent carbons are staggered.

Transformations of matter from one state to a different one, for example, from a gas to a liquid. (Section 1.3)

The shift in equilibrium caused by the addition of a compound having an ion in common with the dissolved substances. (16.2)

Refers to the arrangement of atoms about a stereocenter

Reactions in which two p systems are joined together in a way that forms a ring. In the process, two p bonds are converted into two s bonds.

A push or a pull. (Section 5.1)

A substance with one or more unpaired electrons. (Section 21.9)

The energy that dictates the position of chemical equilibria and rates of chemical reactions. A thermodynamic function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature, given by the equation DG° 5 DH° 2 TDS°. If DG° , 0, the position of equilibria for the reaction favors products. If DG° . 0, the position of equilibria favors reactants.

A compound that contains an !OH bonded to a benzene ring; a benzenol.

A reaction that involves the participation of ions as reactants, intermediates, or products.

A carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide units, each joined to the next by one or more glycosidic bonds.

The reverse of an aldol reaction. A b-hydroxyketone or aldehyde is converted into two ketones or aldehydes.

The distribution among various wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted or absorbed by an object. (Section 6.3)

In IR spectroscopy, when two bonds are stretching in phase with each other.

High-molecular-weight esters that are constructed from carboxylic acids and alcohols.

The more substituted product (alkene) of an elimination reaction.