- 9.33E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)In which of the followi...
- 9.1E: ?A certain AB4 molecule has a “seesaw” shape: From which of the fun...
- 9.1PE: Using the VSEPR ModelUse the VSEPR model to predict the molecular g...
- 9.2E: ?(a) If these three balloons are all the same size, what angle is f...
- 9.2PE: ?Predict the electron-domain and molecular geometries of (a) BrF3, ...
- 9.3E: ?For each molecule (a)-(f), indicate how many different electron- d...
- 9.3PE: ?Eyedrops for dry eyes usually contain a water-soluble polymer call...
- 9.4E: ?The molecule shown here is difluoromethane (CH2F2), which is used ...
- 9.4PE: Determine whether the following molecules are polar or nonpolar: (a...
- 9.5E: ?The following plot shows the potential energy of two Cl atoms as a...
- 9.5PE: Describing the Hybridization of a Central AtomDescribe the orbital ...
- 9.6E: ?In the series SiF4, PF3, and SF2, estimate the F¬X¬F bond angle in...
- 9.6PE: ?Formaldehyde has the Lewis structure Describe how the bonds in for...
- 9.7E: ?The orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in the fo...
- 9.7PE: ?Which of these species have delocalized bonding: SO3, SO32-, H2CO,...
- 9.8E: ?In the hydrocarbon (a)What is the hybridization at each carbon ato...
- 9.8PE: Determine the bond order of the H2- ion.
- 9.9E: ?For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, i...
- 9.9PE: Molecular Orbitals of a Period 2 Diatomic IonFor the O2+ ion predic...
- 9.10E: ?The diagram that follows shows the highest-energy occupied MOs of ...
- 9.11E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)An AB2 molecule is desc...
- 9.12E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)(a) Methane (CH4) and t...
- 9.13E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)How does a trigonal pyr...
- 9.14E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)Describe the bond angle...
- 9.15E: ?(a)What is meant by the term electron domain? (b) Explain in what ...
- 9.16E: What property of the electron causes electron domains to have an ef...
- 9.17E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)(a) How does one determ...
- 9.18E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)Would you expect the no...
- 9.19E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)In which of these molec...
- 9.20E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)In which of the followi...
- 9.21E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)How many nonbonding ele...
- 9.22E: What is the difference between the electron-domain geometry and the...
- 9.23E: What is the difference between the electron-domain geometry and the...
- 9.24E: An AB3 molecule is described as having a trigonal-bipyramidal elect...
- 9.25E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)Give the electron-domai...
- 9.26E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)What are the electron-d...
- 9.27E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)Give the electron-domai...
- 9.28E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)Draw the Lewis structur...
- 9.29E: ?The figure that follows shows ball-and-stick drawings of three pos...
- 9.30E: ?The figure that follows contains ball-and-stick drawings of three ...
- 9.31E: ?Give the approximate values for the indicated bond angles in the f...
- 9.32E: ?Give approximate values for the indicated bond angles in the follo...
- 9.34E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)The three species NH2-,...
- 9.35E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)(a) Explain why BrF4 - ...
- 9.36E: Molecular Shapes; the VSEPR Model (Sections)(a) Explain why the fol...
- 9.37E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)What is the di...
- 9.38E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)Consider a mol...
- 9.39E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)(a) Does SCl2 ...
- 9.40E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)(a) The PH3 mo...
- 9.41E: ?(a) Consider the AF3 molecules in Exercise 9.29.Which of these wil...
- 9.42E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)(a) What condi...
- 9.43E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)Predict whethe...
- 9.44E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)Predict whethe...
- 9.45E: Shapes and Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules (Section)Dichloroethyle...
- 9.46E: ?Dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2, exists in three forms (isomers) called o...
- 9.47E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)(a) What is meant by the...
- 9.48E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)Draw sketches illustrati...
- 9.49E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)Consider the bonding in ...
- 9.50E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)How would you expect the...
- 9.51E: Fill in the blank spaces in the following chart. If the molecule co...
- 9.52E: Why are there no sp4 or sp5 hybrid orbitals?
- 9.53E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)(a) Starting with the or...
- 9.54E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)(a) Starting with the or...
- 9.55E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)Indicate the hybridizati...
- 9.56E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)What is the hybridizatio...
- 9.57E: ?Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a ...
- 9.58E: Orbital Overlap; Hybrid Orbitals (Sections)(a) Which geometry and c...
- 9.59E: Multiple Bonds (Section)a) Draw a picture showing how two p orbital...
- 9.60E: Multiple Bonds (Section)(a) If the valence atomic orbitals of an at...
- 9.61E: (a) Draw Lewis structures for ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), and a...
- 9.62E: Multiple Bonds (Section)The nitrogen atoms in N2 participate in mul...
- 9.63E: ?Propylene, C3H6, is a gas that is used to form the important polym...
- 9.64E: ?Ethyl acetate, C4H8O2, is a fragrant substance used both as a solv...
- 9.65E: ?Consider the Lewis structure for glycine, the simplest amino acid:...
- 9.66E: ?Acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin, has the Lewis struc...
- 9.67E: Multiple Bonds (Section)(a) What is the difference between a locali...
- 9.68E: Multiple Bonds (Section)(a) Write a single Lewis structure for SO3,...
- 9.69E: ?Predict the molecular geometry of each of the following molecules:
- 9.70E: Multiple Bonds (Section)What hybridization do you expect for the at...
- 9.71E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) Wh...
- 9.72E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) If...
- 9.73E: Consider the H2+ ion. (a) Sketch the molecular orbitals of the ion ...
- 9.74E: (a) Sketch the molecular orbitals of the H2- ion and draw its energ...
- 9.75E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)Draw a...
- 9.76E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) Wh...
- 9.77E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) Wh...
- 9.78E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)Explai...
- 9.79E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) Wh...
- 9.80E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)(a) Wh...
- 9.81E: ?Using Figures 9.35 and 9.43 as guides, draw the molecular orbital ...
- 9.82E: ?If we assume that the energy-level diagrams for homonuclear diatom...
- 9.83E: Molecular Orbitals and Period 2 Diatomic Molecules (Sections)Determ...
- 9.84E: ?(a) The nitric oxide molecule, NO, readily loses one electron to f...
- 9.85E: ?Consider the molecular orbitals of the P2 molecule. Assume that th...
- 9.86E: ?The iodine bromide molecule, IBr, is an interhalogen compound. Ass...
- 9.87AE: (a) What is the physical basis for the VSEPR model? (b) When applyi...
- 9.88AE: What is the fundamental basis on which we assign electrons to elect...
- 9.89AE: The molecules SiF4, SF4, and XeF4 have molecular formulas of the ty...
- 9.90AE: Consider the molecule PF4Cl. (a) Draw a Lewis structure for the mol...
- 9.91AE: The vertices of a tetrahedron correspond to four alternating corner...
- 9.92AE: From their Lewis structures, determine the number of ? and ? bonds ...
- 9.93AE: The lactic acid molecule, CH3CH(OH)COOH, gives sour milk its unplea...
- 9.94AE: The PF3 molecule has a dipole moment of 1.03 D, but BF3 has a dipol...
- 9.95AE: ?An AB5 molecule adopts the geometry shown here. (a) What is the na...
- 9.96AE: ?There are two compounds of the formula Pt(NH3)2Cl2: The compound o...
- 9.97AE: The O—H bond lengths in the water molecule (H2O) are 0.96 Å, and th...
- 9.98AE: The reaction of three molecules of fluorine gas with a Xe atom prod...
- 9.99AE: ?The Lewis structure for allene is Make a sketch of the structure o...
- 9.100AE: The azide ion, N3 -, is linear with two N—N bonds of equal length, ...
- 9.101AE: In ozone, O3, the two oxygen atoms on the ends of the molecule are ...
- 9.102AE: ?Butadiene, C4H6, is a planar molecule that has the following carbo...
- 9.104AE: Write the electron configuration for the first excited state for N2...
- 9.105AE: ?Azo dyes are organic dyes that are used for many applications, suc...
- 9.107AE: ?Carbon monoxide, CO, is isoelectronic to N2. (a) Draw a Lewis stru...
- 9.108AE: ?The energy-level diagram in Figure 9.36 shows that the sideways ov...
- 9.109IE: A compound composed of 2.1% H, 29.8% N, and 68.1% O has a molar mas...
- 9.110IE: ?Sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4) reacts slowly with O2 to form sulfur te...
- 9.111IE: The phosphorus trihalides (PX3) show the following variation in the...
- 9.112IE: ?The molecule 2-butene, C4H8, can undergo a geometric change called...
- 9.113IE: ?(a) Compare the bond enthalpies (Table 8.4) of the carbon-carbon s...
- 9.114IE: ?Use average bond enthalpies (Table 8.4) to estimate ?H for the ato...
- 9.115IE: ?Many compounds of the transition-metal elements contain direct bon...
- 9.116IE: ?The organic molecules shown here are derivatives of benzene in whi...
- 9.118IE: Methyl isocyanate, CH3NCO, was made infamous in 1984 when an accide...
Solutions for Chapter 9: Thermochemistry
Full solutions for Chemistry: The Central Science | 12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321696724
Summary of Chapter 9: Thermochemistry
Learn the relationships between chemical reactions and energy changes that involve heat. This portion of thermodynamics is called thermochemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780321696724. Since 124 problems in chapter 9: Thermochemistry have been answered, more than 587031 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. Chapter 9: Thermochemistry includes 124 full step-by-step solutions. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Chemistry: The Central Science, edition: 12.
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Allylic
Next to a carbon-carbon double bond.
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amorphous solid.
A solid that lacks a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules. (11.7)
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Born–Haber cycle
A thermodynamic cycle based on Hess’s law that relates the lattice energy of an ionic substance to its enthalpy of formation and to other measurable quantities. (Section 8.2)
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calorimeter
An apparatus that measures the heat released or absorbed in a chemical or physical process. (Section 5.5)
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Chair conformation
The most stable nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are approximately 109.5°, and all bonds on adjacent carbons are staggered.
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changes of state
Transformations of matter from one state to a different one, for example, from a gas to a liquid. (Section 1.3)
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common ion effect.
The shift in equilibrium caused by the addition of a compound having an ion in common with the dissolved substances. (16.2)
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Confi guration
Refers to the arrangement of atoms about a stereocenter
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cycloaddition reactions
Reactions in which two p systems are joined together in a way that forms a ring. In the process, two p bonds are converted into two s bonds.
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force
A push or a pull. (Section 5.1)
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free radical
A substance with one or more unpaired electrons. (Section 21.9)
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Gibbs free energy change (DG°)
The energy that dictates the position of chemical equilibria and rates of chemical reactions. A thermodynamic function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature, given by the equation DG° 5 DH° 2 TDS°. If DG° , 0, the position of equilibria for the reaction favors products. If DG° . 0, the position of equilibria favors reactants.
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Phenol
A compound that contains an !OH bonded to a benzene ring; a benzenol.
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polar reaction
A reaction that involves the participation of ions as reactants, intermediates, or products.
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Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide units, each joined to the next by one or more glycosidic bonds.
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retro-aldol reaction
The reverse of an aldol reaction. A b-hydroxyketone or aldehyde is converted into two ketones or aldehydes.
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spectrum
The distribution among various wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted or absorbed by an object. (Section 6.3)
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symmetric stretching
In IR spectroscopy, when two bonds are stretching in phase with each other.
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waxes
High-molecular-weight esters that are constructed from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
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Zaitsev product
The more substituted product (alkene) of an elimination reaction.