Solutions for Chapter 9: Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Edition

A molecule containing two !OR or !OAr groups bonded to the same carbon

An atom or group of atoms bearing a negative charge.

Electrons. (2.2)

The breaking of a bond, either homolytically or heterolytically. bond dissociation energy (Sect. 6.1): The energy required to achieve homolytic bond cleavage (generating radicals).

A term describing a molecule or an ion that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. (Sections 23.4 and 24.5)

A property of a solvent (vapor-pressure lowering, freezing-point lowering, boiling-point elevation, osmotic pressure) that depends on the total concentration of solute particles present. (Section 13.5)

Saturated hydrocarbons of general formula CnH2n in which the carbon atoms form a closed ring. (Section 24.2)

A procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution. (4.5)

A property of the electron that makes it behave as though it were a tiny magnet. The electron behaves as if it were spinning on its axis; electron spin is quantized. (Section 6.7)

In Diels-Alder reactions that produce bicyclic structures, the positions that are syn to the larger bridge.

An acetal that is obtained by treating the cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide with an alcohol under acid-catalyzed conditions.

An alloy in which smaller atoms fit into spaces between larger atoms. The larger atoms are metallic elements and the smaller atoms are typically nonmetallic elements. (Section 12.3)

A polymer in which the repeating units contain chirality centers which all have the same configuration.

The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total masses of the individual nucleons that it contains. (Section 21.6)

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a particular atom. (Section 2.3)

A rule stating that the molecular ion of a compound with an odd number of nitrogen atoms has an odd m/z ratio; if zero or an even number of nitrogen atoms, the molecular ion has an even m/z ratio

A covalent bond between atoms whose difference in electronegativity is between approximately 0.5 and 1.9.

An intermediate that has both a negative charge and an unpaired electron.

A bond in which two electrons are associated with three atoms, such as in diborane (B2H6).

A compound containing three hydroxyl groups.