Solutions for Chapter 2: Acids and Bases

A carbon atom adjacent to a carbonyl group

A carbohydrate that contains an aldehyde group.

A high-energy intermediate formed during the elimination-addition reaction that occurs between chlorobenzene and either NaOH (at high temperature) or NaNH2.

An electrode at which reduction occurs. (Section 20.3)

A device in which a nonspontaneous oxidation–reduction reaction is caused to occur by passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. (Section 20.9)

The resonance-stabilized conjugate base of a ketone, aldehyde, or ester.

A barbed curved arrow used to show the change in position of a single electron.

A form of isomerism in which compounds with the same type and number of atoms and the same chemical bonds have different spatial arrangements of these atoms and bonds. (Sections 23.4 and 24.4)

Standard heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of a substance in its standard state (gas, liquid, solid) is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water.

The enthalpy change, ?H, for vaporization of a solid. (Section 11.4)

A vacancy in the valence band of a semiconductor, created by doping. (Section 12.7)

Water attracting. The term is often used to describe a type of colloid. (Section 13.6)

Solids that are composed of molecules. (Sections 12.1 and 12.6)

From the Greek, mono 1 meros, meaning single part. The simplest nonredundant unit from which a polymer is synthesized.

A point in space where the value of a wave function is zero

A series of reactions by which a set of organic starting materials is converted to a more complicated structure.

A graph showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction; energy is plotted on the vertical axis and reaction progress is plotted on the horizontal axis.

A hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and three 2p atomic orbitals.

In IR spectroscopy, when two bonds are stretching in phase with each other.

For alkenes, a stereodescriptor that indicates that the two priority groups are on the same side of the p bond.