Solutions for Chapter 12: Oxidation and Reduction

The electrode at which oxidation occurs. (18.2)

A conformation in which a hydrogen atom and a leaving group are separated by a dihedral angle of approximately 180°.

A mass exactly equal to 1 12th the mass of one carbon-12 atom. (3.1)

A solution of (a) a weak acid or base and (b) its salt; both components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. (16.3)

A strong attractive force that exists between atoms in a molecule. (Section 8.1)

A voltaic cell containing the same electrolyte and the same electrode materials in both the anode and cathode compartments. The emf of the cell is derived from a difference in the concentrations of the same electrolyte solutions in the compartments. (Section 20.6)

A cyclic polyether derived from ethylene glycol and substituted ethylene glycols.

A unimolecular b-elimination reaction

A solute that produces ions in solution; an electrolytic solution conducts an electric current. (Section 4.1)

Light and other forms of radiant energy.

In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique in which the compound is first dissolved in a solvent and then sprayed via a high-voltage needle into a vacuum chamber. The tiny droplets of solution become charged by the needle, and subsequent evaporation forms gas-phase molecular ions that typically carry one or more charges.

A thermodynamic function associated with the number of different equivalent energy states or spatial arrangements in which a system may be found. It is a thermodynamic state function, which means that once we specify the conditions for a system—that is, the temperature, pressure, and so on—the entropy is defined. (Section 19.2)

The study ofthe interaction between matter and an energysource other than electromagnetic radiation. Massspectrometry is used primarily to determine the molecular weight and molecular formula of a compound.

A reaction in which a nucleophile attacks a carboxylic acid derivative.

An imaginary plane passing through an object dividing it so that one half is the mirror image of the other half

A polymer that can be molded when hot and retains its shape when cooled

The arrangement of polypeptide monomers into a noncovalently bonded aggregate.

A compound with a weak bond that undergoes homolytic bond cleavage with great ease, producing radicals that can initiate a radical chain process.

A reaction in which one substrate produces two stereoisomers in unequal amounts.

An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to three carbons