Solutions for Chapter 26: CarbonCarbon Bond-Forming Reactions in Organic Synthesis

An elimination reaction in which a proton from the beta (b) position is removed together with the leaving group, forming a double bond.

Compounds that will react with either acids or bases. Amino acids are amphoteric.

When applying Woodward-Fieser rules, the groups attached to the chromophore.

In mass spectrometry, the tallest peak in the spectrum, which is assigned a relative value of 100%.

A system that enables the exchange of energy (usually in the form of heat) but not mass with its surroundings. (6.2)

A bimolecular eliminationreaction.eclipsed conformation (Sect. 4.7): A conformationin which groups are eclipsing each other in aNewman projection.

Any process with a positive DH (the system receives energy from the surroundings).

For substituted cycloalkanes, a drawing style used to clearly identify which groups are above the ring and which groups are below the ring. (See also Sect. 4.14.)

The difference in enthalpy between reactants and products. If the enthalpy of products is lower than that of the reactants, heat is released and the reaction is exothermic. If the enthalpy of the products is higher than that of the reactants, energy is absorbed, and the reaction is endothermic

Atoms or groups on an atom that give an achiral molecule when one of the groups is replaced by another group. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of propane, for example, are homotopic. Replacing either one of them with deuterium gives 2-deuteropropane, which is achiral. Homotopic groups have identical chemical shifts under all conditions

A compound composed of cations and anions. (Section 2.7)

Plasma particles, density 1.02–1.06 g/mL, consisting of approximately 26% proteins, 50% cholesterol, 21% phospholipids, and 4% triglycerides.

The temperature at which crystalline regions of a polymer melt.

The melting point at 1 atm pressure. (Section 11.6)

No more than two electrons may be present in an orbital. If two electrons are present, their spins must be paired

From the Greek, poly 1 meros, meaning many parts. Any long-chain molecule synthesized by linking together many single parts called monomers

A series of intermediates and curved arrows that show howthe reaction occurs in terms of the motion of electrons.

Elimination of two substituents at a metal center, causing the oxidation state of the metal to decrease by two.

Constitutional isomers in equilibrium with each other that differ in the location of a hydrogen atom and a double bond relative to a heteroatom, most commonly O, N, or S.

The geometry of an atom with four bonds separated from each other by 109.5°.