Principles of Instrumental Analysis 6th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

A group that is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane. (Section 25.3)

An atom or group of atoms bearing a negative charge.

The process whereby water spontaneously forms low concentrations of H+1aq2 and OH-1aq2 ions by proton transfer from one water molecule to another. (Section 16.3)

Delocalized electrons move freely through “bands” formed by overlapping molecular orbitals. (21.3)

The breaking of a bond, either homolytically or heterolytically. bond dissociation energy (Sect. 6.1): The energy required to achieve homolytic bond cleavage (generating radicals).

A molecular orbital in which electrons have a lower energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals

A proton acceptor

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone. (5.6)

The term used to express the concept of less shielding in NMR

The amount of partial charge (d ) on either end of a dipole multiplied by the distance of separation (d): m=d × d

Intermolecular forces resulting from attractions between induced dipoles. Also called London dispersion forces. (Section 11.2)

The expression that describes the relationship among the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the substances present in a system at equilibrium. The numerator is obtained by multiplying the concentrations of the substances on the product side of the equation, each raised to a power equal to its coefficient in the chemical equation. The denominator similarly contains the concentrations of the substances on the reactant side of the equation. (Section 15.2)

A compound containing a hydroxyl group (OH) and an alkoxy group (OR) connected to the same carbon atom.

The radical cation formed by removal of a single electron from a parent molecule in a mass spectrometer.

The energy required to decompose an atomic nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. (Section 21.6)

A series of nuclear reactions that begins with an unstable nucleus and terminates with a stable one; also called a radioactive series. (Section 21.2)

For light, the orientation of the electric field.

A series of intermediates and curved arrows that show howthe reaction occurs in terms of the motion of electrons.

A substitution reaction in which the solvent functions as the nucleophile.

A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. The three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkenes, alkynes, and arenes