Solutions for Chapter 11: Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition

A bond to a chair conformation of cyclohexane that extends from the ring parallel to the imaginary axis through the center of the ring; a bond that lies roughly perpendicular to the equator of the ring.

An equilibrium constant that expresses the extent to which a base reacts with solvent water, accepting a proton and forming OH-1aq2. (Section 16.7)

A molecular orbital in which electrons have a lower energy than they would in isolated atomic orbitals

The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemical reactions occur. (Chapter 14: Introduction)

A radical process in which two radicals join together and form a bond.

An ordered crystalline region in the solid state of a polymer. Also called a crystallite.

A compound containing two hydroxyl groups

A reaction in which a nonspontaneous redox reaction is brought about by the passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. The devices in which electrolysis reactions occur are called electrolytic cells. (Section 20.9)

In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique in which the compound is first dissolved in a solvent and then sprayed via a high-voltage needle into a vacuum chamber. The tiny droplets of solution become charged by the needle, and subsequent evaporation forms gas-phase molecular ions that typically carry one or more charges.

A catalyst that dissolves in the reaction medium.

Cleavage of a bond so that each fragment retains one electron; formation of radicals.

Solids that are composed of ions. (Section 12.1)

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams; it is numerically equal to the formula weight in atomic mass units. (Section 3.4)

A system for naming organic compounds.

The energy required to decompose an atomic nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. (Section 21.6)

Possessing the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. (Section 23.4)

An allowed energy state of an electron in the quantum mechanical model of the atom; the term orbital is also used to describe the spatial distribution of the electron. An orbital is defined by the values of three quantum numbers: n, l, and ml (Section 6.5)

A compound that absorbs light and transfers the energy to another molecule.

A compound such as a phenol that selectively reacts with radicals to remove them from a chain reaction and terminate the chain

The outermost occupied electron shell of an atom.