Solutions for Chapter 11: Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition

An amino acid in which the amino group is on the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group.

One of the six kinds of arrow-pushing patterns used in drawing mechanisms for radical reactions. A radical adds to a p bond, destroying the p bond and generating a new radical.

A type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms (or “decays”) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. (Section 21.1)

A compound containing an sp3 -hybridized nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms

A galvanic cell, or a series of combined galvanic cells, that can be used as a source of direct electric current at a constant voltage. (18.6)

A measure of the polarity of a covalent bond. The product of the charge on either atom of a polar bond times the distance between the atoms

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed. (13.6)

The lowest-energy electron confi guration for an atom or molecule.

Cleavage of a bond so that each fragment retains one electron; formation of radicals.

A compound containing a CRN bond.

The short-range attractive forces operating between the particles that make up the units of a liquid or solid substance. These same forces also cause gases to liquefy or solidify at low temperatures and high pressures. (Chapter 11: Introduction)

A solid, inorganic substance occurring in nature, such as calcium carbonate, which occurs as calcite. (Section 23.1)

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; abbreviated M. (Section 4.5)

A compound that does not rotate plane-polarized light.

No more than two electrons may be present in an orbital. If two electrons are present, their spins must be paired

A reaction in which a compound undergoes a decrease in oxidation state.

Energy such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydroelectric energy derived from essentially inexhaustible sources. (Section 5.8)

A diverse class of naturally occurring compounds that can be thought of as being assembled from isoprene units, each of which contains five carbon atoms.

A polymer that can be molded when it is fi rst prepared, but once cooled, hardens irreversibly and cannot be remelted.

A compound containing an !SH (sulfhydryl) group bonded to an sp3 -hybridized carbon.