Solutions for Chapter 11: Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition

The lowest attainable temperature; 0 K on the Kelvin scale and -273.15 °C on the Celsius scale. (Section 1.4)

A rule that states that it is not possible for a bridgehead carbon of a bicyclic system to possess a carbon carbon double bond if it involves a trans p bond being incorporated in a ring comprised of fewer than eight atoms.

In an NMR spectrum, the location of a signal, defined relative to the frequency of absorption of a reference compound, tetramethylsilane (TMS).

Atoms or groups on an atom that are bonded to an atom that is bonded to two nonidentical groups, one of which contains a chiral center. When one of the atoms or groups is replaced by another group, a new chiral center is created and a set of diastereomers results. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of 2-butanol, for example, are diastereotopic. Diastereotopic groups have different chemical shifts under all conditions

A compound that reacts with a diene in a Diels-Alder reaction.

A compound containing two hydroxyl groups (OH).

The use of electrolysis to reduce or refine metals. (Section 20.9)

In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique in which the compound is first dissolved in a solvent and then sprayed via a high-voltage needle into a vacuum chamber. The tiny droplets of solution become charged by the needle, and subsequent evaporation forms gas-phase molecular ions that typically carry one or more charges.

A compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a technique in which the sample is irradiated with a short pulse that covers the entire range of relevant rf frequencies.

A nonpolar group that does not have favorable interactions with water.

A reaction in which a nucleophile attacks a conjugated p system, resulting in a 1,4-addition.

A compound that contains an !OH bonded to a benzene ring; a benzenol.

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, read from the N-terminal amino acid to the C-terminal amino acid.

An ionic compound containing a positively charged nitrogen atom connected to four alkyl groups.

A set of rules for specifying absolute confi guration about a chiral center; also called the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system

The step in a multistep reaction sequence that crosses the highest energy barrier.

A reaction that can produce two or more constitutional isomers but nevertheless produces one as the major product.

A hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals.

The addition of atoms or groups of atoms to the same face of a carbon-carbon double bond.