- 2.2.1: Provide mechanical and molecular definitions of work and heat.
- 2.2.2: Consider the reversible expansion of a perfect gas. Provide a physi...
- 2.2.3: Explain the difference between the change in internal energy and th...
- 2.2.4: Explain the significance of a physical observable being a state fun...
- 2.2.5: Explain the significance of the Joule and JouleThomson experiments....
- 2.2.6: Suggest (with explanation) how the internal energy of a van der Waa...
- 2.2.7: In many experimental thermograms, such as that shown in Fig. 2.16, ...
- 2.2.1(a): Calculate the work needed for a 65 kg person to climb through 4.0 m...
- 2.2.1(b): Calculate the work needed for a bird of mass 120 g to fly to a heig...
- 2.2.2(a): A chemical reaction takes place in a container of cross-sectional a...
- 2.2.2(b): A chemical reaction takes place in a container of cross-sectional a...
- 2.2.3(a): A sample consisting of 1.00 mol Ar is expanded isothermally at 0C f...
- 2.2.3(b): A sample consisting of 2.00 mol He is expanded isothermally at 22C ...
- 2.2.4(a): A sample consisting of 1.00 mol of perfect gas atoms, for which CV,...
- 2.2.4(b): A sample consisting of 2.00 mol of perfect gas molecules, for which...
- 2.2.5(a): A sample of 4.50 g of methane occupies 12.7 dm3 at 310 K. (a) Calcu...
- 2.2.5(b): ?A sample of argon of mass \(6.56\mathrm{\ g}\) occupies \(18.5\mat...
- 2.2.6(a): A sample of 1.00 mol H2O(g) is condensed isothermally and reversibl...
- 2.2.6(b): A sample of 2.00 mol CH3OH(g) is condensed isothermally and reversi...
- 2.2.7(a): A strip of magnesium of mass 15 g is dropped into a beaker of dilut...
- 2.2.7(b): A piece of zinc of mass 5.0 g is dropped into a beaker of dilute hy...
- 2.2.8(a): The constant-pressure heat capacity of a sample of a perfect gas wa...
- 2.2.8(b): The constant-pressure heat capacity of a sample of a perfect gas wa...
- 2.2.9(a): Calculate the final temperature of a sample of argon of mass 12.0 g...
- 2.2.9(b): Calculate the final temperature of a sample of carbon dioxide of ma...
- 2.2.10(a): A sample of carbon dioxide of mass 2.45 g at 27.0C is allowed to ex...
- 2.2.10(b): A sample of nitrogen of mass 3.12 g at 23.0C is allowed to expand r...
- 2.2.11(a): Calculate the final pressure of a sample of carbon dioxide that exp...
- 2.2.11(b): Calculate the final pressure of a sample of water vapour that expan...
- 2.2.12(a): When 229 J of energy is supplied as heat to 3.0 mol Ar(g), the temp...
- 2.2.12(b): ?When 178 J of energy is supplied as heat to 1.9 mol of gas molecul...
- 2.2.13(a): When 3.0 mol O2 is heated at a constant pressure of 3.25 atm, its t...
- 2.2.13(b): When 2.0 mol CO2 is heated at a constant pressure of 1.25 atm, its ...
- 2.2.14(a): A sample of 4.0 mol O2 is originally confined in 20 dm3 at 270 K an...
- 2.2.14(b): A sample of 5.0 mol CO2 is originally confined in 15 dm3 at 280 K a...
- 2.2.15(a): A sample consisting of 1.0 mol of perfect gas molecules with CV = 2...
- 2.2.15(b): A sample consisting of 1.5 mol of perfect gas molecules with Cp,m =...
- 2.2.16(a): A certain liquid has vapH7 = 26.0 kJ mol1. Calculate q, w, H, and U...
- 2.2.16(b): A certain liquid has vapH7 = 32.0 kJ mol1. Calculate q, w, H, and U...
- 2.2.17(a): The standard enthalpy of formation of ethylbenzene is 12.5 kJ mol1....
- 2.2.17(b): The standard enthalpy of formation of phenol is 165.0 kJ mol1. Calc...
- 2.2.18(a): The standard enthalpy of combustion of cyclopropane is 2091 kJ mol1...
- 2.2.18(b): From the following data, determine fH7 for diborane, B2H6(g), at 29...
- 2.2.19(a): When 120 mg of naphthalene, C10H8(s), was burned in a bomb calorime...
- 2.2.19(b): When 2.25 mg of anthracene, C14H10(s), was burned in a bomb calorim...
- 2.2.20(a): Calculate the standard enthalpy of solution of AgCl(s) in water fro...
- 2.2.20(b): Calculate the standard enthalpy of solution of AgBr(s) in water fro...
- 2.2.21(a): The standard enthalpy of decomposition of the yellow complex H3NSO2...
- 2.2.21(b): Given that the standard enthalpy of combustion of graphite is 393.5...
- 2.2.22(a): Given the reactions (1) and (2) below, determine (a) rH7 and rU7 fo...
- 2.2.22(b): Given the reactions (1) and (2) below, determine (a) rH7 and rU7 fo...
- 2.2.23(a): For the reaction C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g)2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g), rU7 = 1373...
- 2.2.23(b): For the reaction 2 C6H5COOH(s) + 13 O2(g)12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g), rU7 ...
- 2.2.24(a): Calculate the standard enthalpies of formation of (a) KClO3(s) from...
- 2.2.24(b): Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of NOCl(g) from the en...
- 2.2.25(a): Use the information in Table 2.5 to predict the standard reaction e...
- 2.2.25(b): Use the information in Table 2.5 to predict the standard reaction e...
- 2.2.26(a): From the data in Table 2.5, calculate rH7 and rU7 at (a) 298 K, (b)...
- 2.2.26(b): Calculate rH7 and rU7 at 298 K and rH7 at 348 K for the hydrogenati...
- 2.2.27(a): Calculate rH7 for the reaction Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) f...
- 2.2.27(b): Calculate rH7 for the reaction NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)AgCl(s) + NaNO3(...
- 2.2.28(a): Set up a thermodynamic cycle for determining the enthalpy of hydrat...
- 2.2.28(b): Set up a thermodynamic cycle for determining the enthalpy of hydrat...
- 2.2.29(a): When a certain freon used in refrigeration was expanded adiabatical...
- 2.2.29(b): A vapour at 22 atm and 5C was allowed to expand adiabatically to a ...
- 2.2.30(a): For a van der Waals gas, T = a/V2 m. Calculate Um for the isotherma...
- 2.2.30(b): Repeat Exercise 2.30(a) for argon, from an initial volume of 1.00 d...
- 2.2.31(a): The volume of a certain liquid varies with temperature as V = V{0.7...
- 2.2.31(b): The volume of a certain liquid varies with temperature as V = V{0.7...
- 2.2.32(a): The isothermal compressibility of copper at 293 K is 7.35 107 atm1....
- 2.2.32(b): The isothermal compressibility of lead at 293 K is 2.21 106 atm1. C...
- 2.2.33(a): Given that = 0.25 K atm1 for nitrogen, calculate the value of its i...
- 2.2.33(b): Given that = 1.11 K atm1 for carbon dioxide, calculate the value of...
- 2.2.8: A sample of the sugar d-ribose (C5H10O5) of mass 0.727 g was placed...
- 2.2.9: The standard enthalpy of formation of the metallocene bis(benzene)c...
- 2.2.10: From the enthalpy of combustion data in Table 2.5 for the alkanes m...
- 2.2.11: It is possible to investigate the thermochemical properties of hydr...
- 2.2.12: When 1.3584 g of sodium acetate trihydrate was mixed into 100.0 cm3...
- 2.2.13: Since their discovery in 1985, fullerenes have received the attenti...
- 2.2.14: A thermodynamic study of DyCl3 (E.H.P. Cordfunke, A.S. Booji, and M...
- 2.2.15: Silylene (SiH2) is a key intermediate in the thermal decomposition ...
- 2.2.16: Silanone (SiH2O) and silanol (SiH3OH) are species believed to be im...
- 2.2.17: The constant-volume heat capacity of a gas can be measured by obser...
- 2.2.18: A sample consisting of 1.00 mol of a van der Waals gas is compresse...
- 2.2.19: Take nitrogen to be a van der Waals gas with a = 1.352 dm6 atm mol2...
- 2.2.20: Show that the following functions have exact differentials: (a) x2y...
- 2.2.21: (a) What is the total differential of z = x2 + 2y2 2xy + 2x 4y 8? (...
- 2.2.22: (a) Express (CV/V)T as a second derivative of U and find its relati...
- 2.2.23: (a) Derive the relation CV = (U/V)T(V/T)U from the expression for t...
- 2.2.24: Starting from the expression Cp CV = T(p/T)V(V/T)p, use the appropr...
- 2.2.25: (a) By direct differentiation of H = U + pV, obtain a relation betw...
- 2.2.26: (a) Write expressions for dV and dp given that V is a function of p...
- 2.2.27: Calculate the work done during the isothermal reversible expansion ...
- 2.2.28: Express the work of isothermal reversible expansion of a van der Wa...
- 2.2.29: A gas obeying the equation of state p(V nb) = nRT is subjected to a...
- 2.2.30: Use the fact that (U/V)T = a/V2m for a van der Waals gas to show th...
- 2.2.31: Rearrange the van der Waals equation of state to give an expression...
- 2.2.32: Calculate the isothermal compressibility and the expansion coeffici...
- 2.2.33: Given that Cp = T(V/T)p V, derive an expression for in terms of the...
- 2.2.34: The thermodynamic equation of state (U/V)T = T(p/T)V p was quoted i...
- 2.2.35: Show that for a van der Waals gas, Cp,m CV,m = R = 1 and evaluate t...
- 2.2.36: The speed of sound, cs, in a gas of molar mass Mis related to the r...
- 2.2.37: A gas obeys the equation of state Vm = RT/p + aT2 and its constantp...
- 2.2.38: It is possible to see with the aid of a powerful microscope that a ...
- 2.2.39: There are no dietary recommendations for consumption of carbohydrat...
- 2.2.40: An average human produces about 10 MJ of heat each day through meta...
- 2.2.41: Glucose and fructose are simple sugars with the molecular formula C...
- 2.2.42: In biological cells that have a plentiful supply of O2, glucose is ...
- 2.2.43: You have at your disposal a sample of pure polymer P and a sample o...
- 2.2.44: Alkyl radicals are important intermediates in the combustion and at...
- 2.2.45: In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consi...
- 2.2.46: Concerns over the harmful effects of chlorofluorocarbons on stratos...
- 2.2.47: Another alternative refrigerant (see preceding problem) is 1,1,1,2-...
Solutions for Chapter 2: The First Law
Full solutions for Physical Chemistry | 8th Edition
ISBN: 9780716787594
This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Physical Chemistry , edition: 8. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions. Physical Chemistry was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780716787594. Since 113 problems in chapter 2: The First Law have been answered, more than 228818 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. Chapter 2: The First Law includes 113 full step-by-step solutions.
-
activation energy (Ea).
The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. (13.4)
-
Allylic carbon
A carbon adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.
-
atom.
The basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination. (2.2)
-
battery
A self-contained electrochemical power source that contains one or more voltaic cells. (Section 20.7)
-
calorimeter
An apparatus that measures the heat released or absorbed in a chemical or physical process. (Section 5.5)
-
Carbanion
An ion in which carbon has an unshared pair of electrons and bears a negative charge.
-
Center of symmetry
A point so situated that identical components of an object are located on opposite sides and equidistant from that point along any axis passing through it.
-
chemical formula
A notation that uses chemical symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a substance. (Section 2.6)
-
complex lipid
A lipid that readily undergoes hydrolysis in aqueous acid or base to produce smaller fragments.
-
Dispersion forces
Very weak intermolecular forces of attraction resulting from the interaction between temporary induced dipoles
-
ferromagnetism
A form of magnetism in which unpaired electron spins align parallel to one another. (Section 23.1)
-
frontier orbital theory
The analysis of a reaction using MO theory, where only the frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) are considered.
-
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties
-
Gauche conformation
A conformation about a single bond of an alkane in which two groups on adjacent carbons lie at a dihedral angle of 60°
-
hydrazone
A compound with the structure R2CRN!NH2.
-
oils
Triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature.
-
phase diagram
A graphic representation of the equilibria among the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. (Section 11.6)
-
radial probability function
The probability that the electron will be found at a certain distance from the nucleus. (Section 6.6)
-
Syndiotactic polymer
A polymer with alternating R and S confi gurations at the chiral centers along its chain, as, for example, syndiotactic polypropylene
-
terpenes
A diverse class of naturally occurring compounds that can be thought of as being assembled from isoprene units, each of which contains five carbon atoms.