Solutions for Chapter 2: The First Law

A common non-SI unit of length, denoted Å, that is used to measure atomic dimensions: 1Å = 10-10 m. (Section 2.3)

A form of magnetism in which unpaired electron spins on adjacent sites point in opposite directions and cancel each other’s effects. (Section 23.1)

In a Lewis structure a pair of electrons that is shared by two atoms. (Section 9.2)

A CRO bond. carboxylic acid derivative (Sect. 21.6): A compound that is similar in structure to a carboxylic acid (RCOOH) but the OH group of the carboxylic acid has been replaced with a different group, Z, where Z is a heteroatom such as Cl, O, N, etc. Nitriles (R!C#N) are also considered to be carboxylic acid derivatives because they have the same oxidation state as carboxylic acids.

The lowest energy conformation for cyclohexane, in which all bond angles are fairly close to 109.5° and all hydrogen atoms are staggered.

The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemical reactions occur. (13.1)

A measure of radioactivity: 1 curie = 3.7 * 1010 nuclear disintegrations per second. (Section 21.4)

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another.

An intramolecular Claisen condensation.

In radical reactions, a type of arrow-pushing pattern in which a hydrogen atom is abstracted by a radical, generating a new radical.

A compound thatrotates plane-polarized light in a counterclockwisedirection (-).

A solid, inorganic substance occurring in nature, such as calcium carbonate, which occurs as calcite. (Section 23.1)

Model of the atom with a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and with electrons in the space outside the nucleus. (Section 2.2)

A compound that does not rotate plane-polarized light.

The amide linkage by which two amino acids are coupled together to form peptides.

The removal of an electron from an atom or molecule by absorption of light. (Section 18.2)

An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one carbon and two hydrogens

One of the four arrow-pushing patterns for ionic reactions.

A compound that contains no p bonds.

A reaction for which the ratio of products is determined solely by the distribution of energy among the products.