Solutions for Chapter 3: The Second Law

The term describing a carbonyl group (CRO bond) connected to an alkyl group or aryl group.

A reaction in which two atoms or groups of atoms react with a double bond, forming a compound with the two new groups bonded to the carbons of the original double bond.

For proteins, a feature of secondary structure that forms when a portion of the protein twists into a spiral.

A type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms (or “decays”) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. (Section 21.1)

An array of closely spaced molecular orbitals occupying a discrete range of energy. (Section 12.4)

In IR spectroscopy, a type of vibration that generally produces a signal in the fingerprint region of an IR spectrum.

See beta rays.

Polymers that can be broken down by enzymes produced by soil microorganisms.

Phosphoglycerides that contain ethanolamine.

A ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement. (Section 1.6)

Elimination of water.

The energy released when 1 g of a substance is combusted. (Section 5.8)

The arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule. (Section 9.2)

An allowed energy state of an electron in the quantum mechanical model of the atom; the term orbital is also used to describe the spatial distribution of the electron. An orbital is defined by the values of three quantum numbers: n, l, and ml (Section 6.5)

The concentration of a solution in grams of solute per 106 (million) grams of solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solution for aqueous solutions. (Section 13.4)

The study of how energy is distributed under the influence of entropy. For chemists, the thermodynamics of a reaction specifically refers to the study of the relative energy levels of reactants and products.

A nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring that is twisted from and slightly more stable than a boat conformation.

A compound containingone or more p bonds.

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory, which can be used to predict the geometry around an atom.

A method for preparing an ether from an alkoxide ion and an alkyl halide (via an SN2 process).