- 3.3.1: The evolution of life requires the organization of a very large num...
- 3.3.2: You received an unsolicited proposal from a self-declared inventor ...
- 3.3.3: The following expressions have been used to establish criteria for ...
- 3.3.4: The following expressions have been used to establish criteria for ...
- 3.3.5: Discuss the physical interpretation of any one Maxwell relation.
- 3.3.6: Account for the dependence of T of a van der Waals gas in terms of ...
- 3.3.7: Suggest a physical interpretation of the dependence of the Gibbs en...
- 3.3.8: Suggest a physical interpretation of the dependence of the Gibbs en...
- 3.3.1(a): Calculate the change in entropy when 25 kJ of energy is transferred...
- 3.3.1(b): Calculate the change in entropy when 50 kJ of energy is transferred...
- 3.3.2(a): Calculate the molar entropy of a constant-volume sample of neon at ...
- 3.3.2(b): Calculate the molar entropy of a constant-volume sample of argon at...
- 3.3.3(a): Calculate S (for the system) when the state of 3.00 mol of perfect ...
- 3.3.3(b): Calculate S (for the system) when the state of 2.00 mol diatomic pe...
- 3.3.4(a): A sample consisting of 3.00 mol of diatomic perfect gas molecules a...
- 3.3.4(b): A sample consisting of 2.00 mol of diatomic perfect gas molecules a...
- 3.3.5(a): Calculate H and Stot when two copper blocks, each of mass 10.0 kg, ...
- 3.3.5(b): Calculate H and Stot when two iron blocks, each of mass 1.00 kg, on...
- 3.3.6(a): Consider a system consisting of 2.0 mol CO2(g), initially at 25C an...
- 3.3.6(b): Consider a system consisting of 1.5 mol CO2(g), initially at 15C an...
- 3.3.7(a): The enthalpy of vaporization of chloroform (CHCl3) is 29.4 kJ mol1 ...
- 3.3.7(b): The enthalpy of vaporization of methanol is 35.27 kJ mol1 at its no...
- 3.3.8(a): Calculate the standard reaction entropy at 298 K of (a) 2 CH3CHO(g)...
- 3.3.8(b): Calculate the standard reaction entropy at 298 K of (a) Zn(s) + Cu2...
- 3.3.9(a): Combine the reaction entropies calculated in Exercise 3.8a with the...
- 3.3.9(b): Combine the reaction entropies calculated in Exercise 3.8b with the...
- 3.3.10(a): Use standard Gibbs energies of formation to calculate the standard ...
- 3.3.10(b): Use standard Gibbs energies of formation to calculate the standard ...
- 3.3.11(a): Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of the reaction 4 HCl(g) + O2(g...
- 3.3.11(b): Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of the reaction CO(g) + CH3OH(l...
- 3.3.12(a): The standard enthalpy of combustion of solid phenol (C6H5OH) is 305...
- 3.3.12(b): The standard enthalpy of combustion of solid urea (CO(NH2)2) is 632...
- 3.3.13(a): Calculate the change in the entropies of the system and the surroun...
- 3.3.13(b): Calculate the change in the entropies of the system and the surroun...
- 3.3.14(a): Calculate the maximum non-expansion work per mole that may be obtai...
- 3.3.14(b): Calculate the maximum non-expansion work per mole that may be obtai...
- 3.3.15(a): (a) Calculate the Carnot efficiency of a primitive steam engine ope...
- 3.3.15(b): A certain heat engine operates between 1000 K and 500 K. (a) What i...
- 3.3.16(a): Suppose that 3.0 mmol N2(g) occupies 36 cm3 at 300 K and expands to...
- 3.3.16(b): Suppose that 2.5 mmol Ar(g) occupies 72 dm3 at 298 K and expands to...
- 3.3.17(a): The change in the Gibbs energy of a certain constant-pressure proce...
- 3.3.17(b): The change in the Gibbs energy of a certain constant-pressure proce...
- 3.3.18(a): Calculate the change in Gibbs energy of 35 g of ethanol (mass densi...
- 3.3.18(b): Calculate the change in Gibbs energy of 25 g of methanol (mass dens...
- 3.3.19(a): Calculate the change in chemical potential of a perfect gas when it...
- 3.3.19(b): Calculate the change in chemical potential of a perfect gas when it...
- 3.3.20(a): The fugacity coefficient of a certain gas at 200 K and 50 bar is 0....
- 3.3.20(b): The fugacity coefficient of a certain gas at 290 K and 2.1 MPa is 0...
- 3.3.21(a): Estimate the change in the Gibbs energy of 1.0 dm3 of benzene when ...
- 3.3.21(b): Estimate the change in the Gibbs energy of 1.0 dm3 of water when th...
- 3.3.22(a): Calculate the change in the molar Gibbs energy of hydrogen gas when...
- 3.3.22(b): Calculate the change in the molar Gibbs energy of oxygen when its p...
- 3.3.9: Find an expression for the change in entropy when two blocks of the...
- 3.3.10: A gaseous sample consisting of 1.00 mol molecules is described by t...
- 3.3.11: The molar heat capacity of lead varies with temperature as follows:...
- 3.3.12: From standard enthalpies of formation, standard entropies, and stan...
- 3.3.13: The heat capacity of anhydrous potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) varie...
- 3.3.14: The compound 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene is an intermedi...
- 3.3.15: Given that S7m = 29.79 J K1 mol1 for bismuth at 100 K and the follo...
- 3.3.16: Calculate rG7(375 K) for the reaction 2 CO(g) + O2(g)2 CO2(g) from ...
- 3.3.17: Estimate the standard reaction Gibbs energy of N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH...
- 3.3.18: At 200 K, the compression factor of oxygen varies with pressure as ...
- 3.3.19: Represent the Carnot cycle on a temperatureentropy diagram and show...
- 3.3.20: Prove that two reversible adiabatic paths can never cross. Assume t...
- 3.3.21: Prove that the perfect gas temperature scale and the thermodynamic ...
- 3.3.22: The molar Gibbs energy of a certain gas is given by Gm = RT ln p + ...
- 3.3.23: Evaluate (S/V)T for (a) a van der Waals gas, (b) a Dieterici gas (T...
- 3.3.24: Show that, for a perfect gas, (U/S)V = T and (U/V)S = p.
- 3.3.25: Two of the four Maxwell relations were derived in the text, but two...
- 3.3.26: Use the Maxwell relations to express the derivatives (a) (S/V)T and...
- 3.3.27: Use the Maxwell relations to show that the entropy of a perfect gas...
- 3.3.28: Derive the thermodynamic equation of state T = V T p Derive an expr...
- 3.3.29: Show that if B(T) is the second virial coefficient of a gas, and B ...
- 3.3.30: The Joule coefficient, J, is defined as J = (T/V)U. Show that JCV =...
- 3.3.31: Evaluate T for a Dieterici gas (Table 1.7). Justify physically the ...
- 3.3.32: The adiabatic compressibility, S, is defined like T (eqn 2.44) but ...
- 3.3.33: Suppose that S is regarded as a function of p and T. Show that TdS ...
- 3.3.34: Suppose that (a) the attractive interactions between gas particles ...
- 3.3.35: Find an expression for the fugacity coefficient of a gas that obeys...
- 3.3.36: The protein lysozyme unfolds at a transition temperature of 75.5C a...
- 3.3.37: At 298 K the standard enthalpy of combustion of sucrose is 5797 kJ ...
- 3.3.38: In biological cells, the energy released by the oxidation of foods ...
- 3.3.39: In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consi...
- 3.3.40: Nitric acid hydrates have received much attention as possible catal...
- 3.3.41: J. Gao and J. H. Weiner in their study of the origin of stress on t...
- 3.3.42: Suppose that an internal combustion engine runs on octane, for whic...
- 3.3.43: The cycle involved in the operation of an internal combustion engin...
- 3.3.44: To calculate the work required to lower the temperature of an objec...
- 3.3.45: The expressions that apply to the treatment of refrigerators also d...
Solutions for Chapter 3: The Second Law
Full solutions for Physical Chemistry | 8th Edition
ISBN: 9780716787594
Chapter 3: The Second Law includes 89 full step-by-step solutions. Since 89 problems in chapter 3: The Second Law have been answered, more than 228725 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. Physical Chemistry was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780716787594. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Physical Chemistry , edition: 8. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions.
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acyl group
The term describing a carbonyl group (CRO bond) connected to an alkyl group or aryl group.
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Addition reaction
A reaction in which two atoms or groups of atoms react with a double bond, forming a compound with the two new groups bonded to the carbons of the original double bond.
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alpha (a) helix
For proteins, a feature of secondary structure that forms when a portion of the protein twists into a spiral.
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alpha decay
A type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms (or “decays”) into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less. (Section 21.1)
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band
An array of closely spaced molecular orbitals occupying a discrete range of energy. (Section 12.4)
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bending
In IR spectroscopy, a type of vibration that generally produces a signal in the fingerprint region of an IR spectrum.
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beta particles.
See beta rays.
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biodegradable polymers
Polymers that can be broken down by enzymes produced by soil microorganisms.
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cephalins
Phosphoglycerides that contain ethanolamine.
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conversion factor
A ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement. (Section 1.6)
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Dehydration
Elimination of water.
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fuel value
The energy released when 1 g of a substance is combusted. (Section 5.8)
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molecular geometry
The arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule. (Section 9.2)
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orbital
An allowed energy state of an electron in the quantum mechanical model of the atom; the term orbital is also used to describe the spatial distribution of the electron. An orbital is defined by the values of three quantum numbers: n, l, and ml (Section 6.5)
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parts per million (ppm)
The concentration of a solution in grams of solute per 106 (million) grams of solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solution for aqueous solutions. (Section 13.4)
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thermodynamics
The study of how energy is distributed under the influence of entropy. For chemists, the thermodynamics of a reaction specifically refers to the study of the relative energy levels of reactants and products.
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Twist-boat conformation
A nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring that is twisted from and slightly more stable than a boat conformation.
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unsaturated
A compound containingone or more p bonds.
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VSEPR theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory, which can be used to predict the geometry around an atom.
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Williamson ether synthesis
A method for preparing an ether from an alkoxide ion and an alkyl halide (via an SN2 process).