- Chapter 1: Chemical Bonding And Chemical Structure
- Chapter 1.2: Classical theories of chemical Bonding
- Chapter 1.3: Structures of Covalent Compounds
- Chapter 1.4: Resonance structures
- Chapter 1.6: Electronic structure of the hydrogen atom
- Chapter 1.7: Electronic Structures of more Complex Atoms
- Chapter 1.8: Another look at the covalent bond: Molecular orbitals
- Chapter 1.9: Hybrid orbitals
- Chapter 10: AlCoHols And THiols As BRnsTEd ACids And BAsEs
- Chapter 10.1: Alcohols And Thiols As BrnsTed Acids And BAses
- Chapter 10.10: octet expansion and oxidation of thiols
- Chapter 10.12: planning an organic synthesis
- Chapter 10.2: dehydrATion of Alcohols
- Chapter 10.3: reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides
- Chapter 10.4: alcohol-derived leaving groups
- Chapter 10.5: Conversion of AlCohols into Alkyl hAlides: summAry
- Chapter 10.6: oxidAtion And reduCtion in orgAniC Chemistry
- Chapter 10.7: OxidatiOn Of alcOhOls
- Chapter 10.8: biOlOGical OxidatiOn Of ethanOl
- Chapter 10.9: chemical and stereOchemical GrOup relatiOnships
- Chapter 11: synTHEsis of ETHERs And sulfidEs
- Chapter 11.1: BASICITY OF ETHERS AND SULFIDES
- Chapter 11.10: The Three FundamenTal OperaTiOns OF Organic synThesis
- Chapter 11.11: synThesis OF enanTiOmerically pure cOmpOunds: asymmeTric epOxidaTiOn
- Chapter 11.2: SYNTHESIS OF ETHERS AND SULFIDES
- Chapter 11.3: SYNTHESIS OF EpOxIDES
- Chapter 11.4: CLEAvAgE OF ETHERS
- Chapter 11.5: Nucleophilic substitutioN reactioNs of epoxides
- Chapter 11.6: PreParation and oxidative Cleavage of glyCols
- Chapter 11.7: oxonium and sulfonium salts
- Chapter 11.8: intramoleCular reaCtions and the Proximity effeCt
- Chapter 12: InTRoduCTIon To SPECTRoSCoPy. InfRAREd SPECTRoSCoPy And MASS SPECTRoMETRy
- Chapter 12.1: IntroductIon to SpectroScopy Fundamental
- Chapter 12.2: Infrared SpectroScopy
- Chapter 12.3: Infrared abSorptIon and chemIcal Structure
- Chapter 12.4: Functional-Group inFrared absorptions
- Chapter 12.6: INTroDUCTIoN To mAss speCTromeTry
- Chapter 13: NuClEAR MAgNETiC REsoNANCE sPECTRosCoPy
- Chapter 13.10: Solving Structure problemS with SpectroScopy
- Chapter 13.2: the PhySicAl BASiS Of nMr SPectrOScOPy
- Chapter 13.3: the nMr SPectruM: cheMicAl Shift And integrAl
- Chapter 13.4: the Nmr spectrum: spiNspiN splittiNg
- Chapter 13.5: Complex Nmr speCtra
- Chapter 13.6: using deuterium substitution in proton nmr
- Chapter 13.7: CharaCteristiC FunCtional-group nmr absorptions
- Chapter 13.8: Nmr SpectroScopy of DyNamic SyStemS
- Chapter 13.9: Nmr SpectroScopy of other Nuclei. carboN Nmr
- Chapter 14: THE CHEmisTRy of AlkynEs
- Chapter 14.1: Structure and Bonding in alkyneS
- Chapter 14.2: nomenclature of alkyneS
- Chapter 14.3: phySical propertieS of alkyneS
- Chapter 14.4: introduction to addition reactionS of the triple Bond
- Chapter 14.5: converSion of alkyneS into aldehydeS and ketoneS
- Chapter 14.6: reduction of Alkynes
- Chapter 14.7: Acidity of 1-Alkynes
- Chapter 14.8: organic synthesis Using alkynes
- Chapter 14.9: pheromones
- Chapter 15: STRuCTuRE And STAbiliTy of diEnES
- Chapter 15.1: Structure and Stability of dieneS
- Chapter 15.2: ultravioletviSible SpectroScopy and fluoreScence
- Chapter 15.3: The DielsAlDer reAcTion A. Reaction
- Chapter 15.4: ADDiTion of hyDrogen hAliDes To conjugATeD Dienes
- Chapter 15.5: Diene polymers
- Chapter 15.6: resonance
- Chapter 15.7: IntroductIon to AromAtIc compounds
- Chapter 15.8: NoNCoVAleNT INTerACTIoNs oF AromATIC rINGs
- Chapter 16: THE CHEmisTRy of BEnzEnE And iTs dERivATivEs
- Chapter 16.1: NomeNclature of BeNzeNe Derivatives
- Chapter 16.2: physical properties of BeNzeNe Derivatives
- Chapter 16.3: spectroscopy of BeNzeNe Derivatives
- Chapter 16.4: electrophilic aromatic suBstitutioN reactioNs of BeNzeNe
- Chapter 16.5: electrophilic AromAtic substitution reActions of substituted benzenes
- Chapter 16.6: Hydrogenation of benzene derivatives
- Chapter 16.7: polyCyCliC aromatiC HydroCarbons and CanCer
- Chapter 17: AllyliC And bEnzyliC REACTiviTy
- Chapter 17.1: reactions involving allylic and benzylic carbocations
- Chapter 17.2: reactions involving allylic and benzylic radicals
- Chapter 17.3: reactions involving allylic and benzylic anions
- Chapter 17.4: allylic and benzylic sn2 reactions
- Chapter 17.5: allylic and benzylic oXidation
- Chapter 17.6: biosynthesis of terpenes and steroids
- Chapter 18: THE CHEmisTRy of ARyl HAlidEs, VinyliC HAlidEs, And PHEnols. TRAnsiTion-mETAl CATAlysis
- Chapter 18.1: Lack of Reactivity of vinyLic and aRyL HaLides undeR sn2 conditions
- Chapter 18.11: IndustrIal preparatIon
- Chapter 18.2: eLimination Reactions of vinyLic HaLides
- Chapter 18.3: Lack of Reactivity of vinyLic and aRyL HaLides undeR sn1 conditions
- Chapter 18.4: nucLeopHiLic aRomatic substitution Reactions of aRyL HaLides
- Chapter 18.5: intRoduction to tRansition-metaLcataLyzed Reactions
- Chapter 18.6: examples of transItIon-metal-catalyzed reactIons
- Chapter 18.7: Acidity of phenols
- Chapter 18.8: Quinones And semiQuinones
- Chapter 18.9: electrophilic AromAtic substitution reActions of phenols
- Chapter 19: THE CHEmisTRy of AldEHydEs ANd KEToNEs. CARBoNyl-AddiTioN REACTioNs
- Chapter 19.1: NomeNclature of aldehydes aNd KetoNes
- Chapter 19.11: reactions of aldehydes and Ketones with amines
- Chapter 19.12: reduction of carbonyl Groups
- Chapter 19.13: the WittiG alkene synthesis
- Chapter 19.14: oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids
- Chapter 19.3: sPectroscoPy of aldehydes aNd KetoNes
- Chapter 19.6: bAsicity of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Chapter 19.7: reversible Addition reActions of Aldehydes And Ketones
- Chapter 19.8: reduCtion of AldeHydes And Ketones to AlCoHols
- Chapter 19.9: reactions of aldehydes and Ketones with GriGnard and related reaGents
- Chapter 2: Alkanes
- Chapter 2.2: Unbranched Alkanes
- Chapter 2.3: Conformations of Alkanes
- Chapter 2.4: Contitutional Isomers and Nomenclature
- Chapter 2.5: Cycloalkanes, Skeletal Structures, and Substituent Group Abbreviations
- Chapter 2.6: Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Chapter 2.7: Combustion
- Chapter 2.8: Functional Groups, Compound Classes, and the "R" Notation
- Chapter 20: THE CHEmisTRy of CARboxyliC ACids
- Chapter 20.1: NomeNclature of carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.11: deCarboxylation of CarboxyliC aCids
- Chapter 20.2: structure aNd physical properties of carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.3: spectroscopy of carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.4: acidbase properties of carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.6: synthesis oF carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.8: conversion oF carboxylic acids
- Chapter 20.9: Conversion of CarboxyliC aCids into aCid Chlorides and anhydrides
- Chapter 21: THE CHEmisTRy of CARboxyliC ACid dERivATivEs
- Chapter 21.1: NomeNclature aNd classificatioN of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Chapter 21.11: synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Chapter 21.12: use and occurrence of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
- Chapter 21.2: structures of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Chapter 21.3: physical properties of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Chapter 21.4: SpectroScopy of carboxylic acid derivativeS
- Chapter 21.5: baSicity of carboxylic acid derivativeS
- Chapter 21.7: hydrolySiS of carboxylic acid derivativeS
- Chapter 21.8: reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles
- Chapter 21.9: reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives
- Chapter 22: THE CHEmisTRy of EnolATE ions, Enols, And a,b-UnsATURATEd CARbonyl ComPoUnds
- Chapter 22.1: Acidity of cArbonyl compounds
- Chapter 22.11: reactions of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with organometallic reagents
- Chapter 22.12: organic synthesis with conjugate-addition reactions
- Chapter 22.2: enolizAtion of cArbonyl compounds
- Chapter 22.3: a-HAlogenAtion of cArbonyl compounds
- Chapter 22.4: Aldol Addition And Aldol CondensAtion
- Chapter 22.5: Aldol reACtIoNs IN bIoloGy
- Chapter 22.6: CoNdeNsAtIoN reACtIoNs INvolvING ester eNolAte IoNs
- Chapter 22.7: the Claisen Condensation in biology: biosynthesis of fatty aCids
- Chapter 22.8: AlkylAtion And Aldol reActions of ester enolAte ions
- Chapter 22.9: Conjugate-addition reaCtions
- Chapter 23: the Chemistry of amines
- Chapter 23.1: NomeNclature of amiNes
- Chapter 23.11: synthesis of Amines
- Chapter 23.12: use and occurrence of amines
- Chapter 23.2: structure of amiNes
- Chapter 23.4: spectroscopy of amiNes
- Chapter 23.5: basicity aNd acidity of amiNes
- Chapter 23.6: Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts
- Chapter 23.7: alkylation and acylation reactions of amines
- Chapter 23.8: hofmann elimination of Quaternary ammonium hydroxides
- Chapter 23.9: AromAtic substitution reActions of Aniline DerivAtives
- Chapter 24: Carbohydrates
- Chapter 24.1: the prooF oF Glucose stereochemistry
- Chapter 24.11: DisacchariDes anD polysacchariDes
- Chapter 24.2: fisCher ProJeCtions
- Chapter 24.3: struCtures of the monosaCCharides
- Chapter 24.5: base-Catalyzed isomerization of aldoses and Ketoses
- Chapter 24.6: Glycosides
- Chapter 24.7: ether and ester derivatives of carbohydrates
- Chapter 24.8: oxidation and reduction reactions of carbohydrates
- Chapter 24.9: KilianiFischer synthesis
- Chapter 25: THE CHEmisTRy of THioEsTERs, PHosPHATE EsTERs, And PHosPHATE AnHydRidEs
- Chapter 25.1: THIOESTERS
- Chapter 25.2: pHOSpHORIC ACID DERIVATIVES
- Chapter 25.3: STRUCTURES OF THIOESTERS AND pHOSpHATE ESTERS
- Chapter 25.4: pROTON AND CARbON NmR SpECTROSCOpY OF pHOSpHORUS-CONTAINING mOlECUlES
- Chapter 25.5: REACTIONS OF THIOESTERS WITH NUClEOpHIlES Thioesters, like
- Chapter 25.6: HYDrolYSIS oF pHoSpHATe eSTerS AND ANHYDrIDeS
- Chapter 25.7: reACTIoNs oF pHospHATe ANHYDrIDes WITH oTHer NUCleopHIles
- Chapter 25.8: HIGH-eNerGY CompoUNDs A. The Concept of a High-energy
- Chapter 26: the Chemistry of the aromatiC heteroCyCles and nuCleiC aCids
- Chapter 26.1: nomenclature and structure of the aromatic heterocycles
- Chapter 26.2: basicity and acidity of the nitrogen heterocycles
- Chapter 26.3: the chemistry of furan, pyrrole, and thiophene
- Chapter 26.4: the Chemistry of pyridine
- Chapter 26.5: Nucleosides, Nucleotides, aNd Nucleic acids
- Chapter 3: Acids and Bases The Curved-Arrow Notation
- Chapter 3.1: Lewis Acid-Base Association Reactions
- Chapter 3.2: Electron-Pair Displacement Reactions
- Chapter 3.3: Using the Curved-Arrow Notation to Derive Resonance Structures
- Chapter 3.4: Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
- Chapter 3.5: Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
- Chapter 3.6: The Relationship of Structure to Acidity
- Chapter 4: Introduction to Alkenes Structure and Reactivity
- Chapter 4.1: Structure and Bonding in Alkenes
- Chapter 4.2: Nomenclature of Alkenes
- Chapter 4.3: Unsaturation Number
- Chapter 4.4: Physical Properties of Alkenes
- Chapter 4.5: Relative Stabilities of Alkenes Isomers
- Chapter 4.6: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- Chapter 4.7: Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
- Chapter 4.8: Reaction Rates
- Chapter 4.9: Catalysis
- Chapter 5: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- Chapter 5.1: An Overview of Electrophilic Addition Reactions
- Chapter 5.2: Reactions of Alkenes with Halogens
- Chapter 5.4: Conversion of Alkenes Into Alcohols
- Chapter 5.5: Ozonolysis of Alkenes
- Chapter 5.6: Free-Radical Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Alkenes
- Chapter 5.7: Polymers. Free-Radical Polymerization of Alkenes
- Chapter 5.8: Alkenes in the Chemical Industry
- Chapter 6: Principles of Stereochemistry
- Chapter 6.1: Enantiomers, Chirality, and Symmetry
- Chapter 6.10: The Postulation of Tetrahedral Carbon
- Chapter 6.2: Nomenclature of Enantiomers: the R,S System
- Chapter 6.3: Physical Properties of Enantiomers Optical Activity
- Chapter 6.4: Mixtures of Enantiomers
- Chapter 6.5: Stereochemical Correlation
- Chapter 6.7: Meso Compounds
- Chapter 6.8: Separation of Enantiomers (Enantiomers Resolution)
- Chapter 6.9: Rapidly Interconverting Stereoisomers
- Chapter 7: Cyclic Compounds Stereochemistry of Reactions
- Chapter 7.2: Conformations of Cyclohexane
- Chapter 7.3: Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes. Conformational Analysis
- Chapter 7.4: Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Chapter 7.5: Cyclopentane, Cyclobutane and Cyclopropane
- Chapter 7.6: Bicyclic and Polycyclic Compounds
- Chapter 7.7: Reactions Involving Stereoisomers
- Chapter 7.8: Stereochemistry of Chemical Reactions
- Chapter 8.2: Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides, Alcohol, Thiols, Ethers, and Sulfides
- Chapter 8.3: Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers and Sulfides
- Chapter 8.5: Homogenous Noncovalent Intermolecular Attractions: Boiling Points and Melting Points
- Chapter 8.6: Heterogeneous Intermolecular Interactions: Solutions and Solubility
- Chapter 8.7: Applications of Solubility and Solvation Principles
- Chapter 8.8: Strengths of Noncovalent Intermolecular Attractions
- Chapter 9: THE CHEmiSTRy Of Alkyl HAlidES
- Chapter 9.1: Overview of Nucleophilic Substitution and B-Elimination Reactions
- Chapter 9.10: indUsTrial preparaTion and Use oF alKYl Halides
- Chapter 9.2: Equilibria in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
- Chapter 9.3: Reactions Rates
- Chapter 9.4: the SN2 reactiON
- Chapter 9.5: The e2 reacTion
- Chapter 9.6: the sN1 aNd e1 reactioNs
- Chapter 9.7: summary of substitution and elimination reactions of alkyl Halides
- Chapter 9.8: organometallic compounds. grignard reagents and organolitHium reagents
- Chapter 9.9: Carbenes and Carbenoids
Organic Chemistry 6th Edition - Solutions by Chapter
Full solutions for Organic Chemistry | 6th Edition
ISBN: 9781936221349
This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Organic Chemistry, edition: 6. The full step-by-step solution to problem in Organic Chemistry were answered by , our top Chemistry solution expert on 03/16/18, 03:35PM. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters: 239. Since problems from 239 chapters in Organic Chemistry have been answered, more than 126378 students have viewed full step-by-step answer. Organic Chemistry was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9781936221349.
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alkylation
A reaction that achieves the installation of an alkyl group. For example, an SN2 reaction in which an alkyl group is connected to an attacking nucleophile.
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atomic mass.
The mass of an atom in atomic mass units. (3.1)
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Brønsted-Lowry base
A compound that can serve as a proton acceptor.
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calcination
The heating of an ore to bring about its decomposition and the elimination of a volatile product. For example, a carbonate ore might be calcined to drive off CO2. (Section 23.2)
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chemical kinetics
The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which chemical reactions occur. (Chapter 14: Introduction)
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chemical nomenclature
The rules used in naming substances. (Section 2.8)
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Chiral
From the Greek, cheir meaning hand; an object that is not superposable on its mirror image; an object that has handedness.
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Codon
A triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that directs incorporation of a specifi c amino acid into a polypeptide sequence.
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colloid.
A dispersion of particles of one substance (the dispersed phase) throughout a dispersing medium made of another substance. (12.8)
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Gibbs free energy change (DG°)
The energy that dictates the position of chemical equilibria and rates of chemical reactions. A thermodynamic function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature, given by the equation DG° 5 DH° 2 TDS°. If DG° , 0, the position of equilibria for the reaction favors products. If DG° . 0, the position of equilibria favors reactants.
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Haloalkane (alkyl halide)
A compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an sp3 -hybridized carbon atom. Given the symbol R!X.
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Haworth projection
For substituted cycloalkanes, a drawing style used to clearly identify which groups are above the ring and which groups are below the ring. (See also Sect. 4.14.)
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hydroperoxide
A compound with the structure R!O!O!H.
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reductive amination
The conversion of a ketone or aldehyde into an imine under conditions in which the imine is reduced as soon as it is formed, giving an amine.
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regioselective
A reaction that can produce two or more constitutional isomers but nevertheless produces one as the major product.
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Staggered conformation
A conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as far apart as possible from atoms or groups on an adjacent carbon.
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sulfonation
An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which an SO3H group is installed on an aromatic ring.
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syn addition
An addition reaction in which two groups are added to the same face of a p bond.
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Tautomers
Constitutional isomers in equilibrium with each other that differ in the location of a hydrogen atom and a double bond relative to a heteroatom, most commonly O, N, or S.
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Tripeptide
A molecule containing three amino acid units, each joined to the next by a peptide bond