Solutions for Chapter 19.19: SYNTHESIS OF MONOSUBSTITUTED AND DISUBSTITUTED BENZENES

The product obtainedfrom 1,2-addition across a conjugated p system.

A CH3CO! group; also called an acetyl group

The equilibrium constant for the acid ionization. (15.5)

A high-energy molecular orbital resulting from the destructive interference between atomic orbitals.

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings. (24.1)

Any property of a substance that cannot be studied without converting the substance into some other substance. (1.6)

A compound containing a Cl group and a hydroxyl group (OH) on adjacent carbon atoms.

A technique by which compounds are separated from each other based on a difference in the way they interact with the medium (the adsorbent) through which they are passed.

A compound containing a cyano group and a hydroxyl group connected to the same carbon atom.

Any substituent on a benzene ring that causes the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution to be lower than that for benzene.

A chemical reaction in which a single compound reacts to give two or more products. (Section 3.2)

A polynucleotide in which the sugar component is deoxyribose. (Section 24.10)

Standard heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of a substance in its standard state (gas, liquid, solid) is oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water.

Water repelling. The term is often used to describe a type of colloid. (Section 13.6)

In 1H NMR spectroscopy, the area under a signal indicates the number of protons giving rise to the signal.

A reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts; the neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt. (Section 4.3)

Elements in the upper right corner of the periodic table; nonmetals differ from metals in their physical and chemical properties. (Section 2.5)

In NMR spectroscopy, a technique in which only the one-bond couplings are observed. CH3 groups appear as quartets, CH2 groups appear as triplets, CH groups appear as doublets, and quaternary carbon atoms appear as singlets.

A six-membered cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A hybrid atomic orbital formed by the combination of one s atomic orbital and two 2p atomic orbitals.