- Chapter 1.10: The Bonds in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion
- Chapter 1.11: The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion
- Chapter 1.12: The Bonds in Water
- Chapter 1.13: The Bond in a Hydrogen Halide
- Chapter 1.14: Hybridization and Molecular Geometry
- Chapter 1.15: Summary: Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles
- Chapter 1.16: Dipole Moments of Molecules
- Chapter 1.2: How The Electrons in an Atom are Distributed
- Chapter 1.3: Covalent Bonds
- Chapter 1.4: How the Structure of a Compound is Represented
- Chapter 1.5: Atomic Orbitals
- Chapter 1.6: An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory
- Chapter 1.7: How Single Bonds are Formed in Organic Compounds
- Chapter 1.8: How a Double Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethene
- Chapter 1.9: How A Triple Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethyne
- Chapter 10: Reactions of Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, and Sulfur-Containing Compounds
- Chapter 11: Organolithium and Organomagnesium Compounds
- Chapter 12: Alkanes are Unreactive Compounds
- Chapter 13: Mass Spectrometry; Infrared Spectroscopy; UV/Vis Spectroscopy
- Chapter 14: NMR Spectroscopy
- Chapter 15: Reactions of Carboxylic Acidsand Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
- Chapter 16: Reactions of Aldehydes andKetones More Reactions ofCarboxylic Acid Derivatives
- Chapter 17: Reactions at the A-Carbon
- Chapter 18: Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes
- Chapter 19: More About Amines Reactions of HeterocyclicCompounds
- Chapter 2: Tutorial Acids and Basis
- Chapter 2.1 : An Introduction to Acids and Bases
- Chapter 2.10: How pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound
- Chapter 2.11: Buffer Solutions
- Chapter 2.12: Lewis and Acids Basis
- Chapter 2.2: pKa and pH
- Chapter 2.3: Organic Acids and Bases
- Chapter 2.4: How toPredict Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
- Chapter 2.5: How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium
- Chapter 2.6: How the Structure of an Acid Affects Its pKa Value
- Chapter 2.7: How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid
- Chapter 2.8: An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons
- Chapter 2.9: A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength
- Chapter 20: The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates
- Chapter 21: Amino Acids, Peptides,and Proteins
- Chapter 22: Catalysis in Organic Reactionsand in Enzymatic Reactions
- Chapter 23: The Organic Chemistry ofthe Coenzymes, CompoundsDerived from Vitamins
- Chapter 24: The Organic Chemistry of the Metabolic Pathways
- Chapter 25: The Organic Chemistry of Lipids
- Chapter 26: The Chemistry of the Nucleic Acids
- Chapter 27: Synthetic Polymers
- Chapter 28: Pericyclic Reactions
- Chapter 3: An Introduction to Organic Compounds
- Chapter 3.1: Alkyl Groups
- Chapter 3.10: The Solubility of Organic Compounds
- Chapter 3.11: Rotation Occurs about CarbonCarbon Single Bonds
- Chapter 3.12: Some Cycloalkanes Have Angle Strain
- Chapter 3.13: Conformers of Cyclohexane
- Chapter 3.14: Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Chapter 3.15: Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- Chapter 3.16: Fused Cyclohexane Rings
- Chapter 3.2: The Nomenclature of Alkanes
- Chapter 3.3: The Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
- Chapter 3.4: The Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
- Chapter 3.5: The Nomenclature of Ethers
- Chapter 3.7: The Nomenclature of Amines
- Chapter 3.8: The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
- Chapter 3.9: Noncovalent Interactions
- Chapter 4: INTERCONVERTING STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS
- Chapter 4.1: CisTrans Isomers Result from Restricted Rotation
- Chapter 4.10: How Specific Rotation Is Measured
- Chapter 4.11: Enantiomeric Excess
- Chapter 4.12: Compounds with More than One Asymmetric Center
- Chapter 4.13: Stereoisomers of Cyclic Compounds
- Chapter 4.14: Meso Compounds Have Asymmetric Centers but Are Optically Inactive
- Chapter 4.15: How to Name Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
- Chapter 4.16: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Atoms Can Be Asymmetric Centers
- Chapter 4.17: RECEPTORS
- Chapter 4.18: HOW ENANTIOMERS CAN BE SEPARATED
- Chapter 4.2: Using the E,Z System to Distinguish Isomers
- Chapter 4.3: A Chiral Object has a Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
- Chapter 4.4: An Asymmetric Center is a Cause of Chirality in a Molecule
- Chapter 4.5: ISOMERS WITH ONE ASYMMETRIC CENTER
- Chapter 4.6: ASYMMETRIC CENTERS AND STEREOCENTERS
- Chapter 4.7: HOW TO DRAW ENANTIOMERS
- Chapter 4.8: Naming Enantiomers by the R,S System
- Chapter 4.9: Chiral Compounds Are Optically Active
- Chapter 5: DRAWING CURVED ARROWS
- Chapter 5.1: Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation
- Chapter 5.10: Kinetics: How Fast is the Product Formed?
- Chapter 5.11: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Chapter 5.12: A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Energy Changes That Take Place During a Reaction
- Chapter 5.13: Catalysis
- Chapter 5.14: Catalysis by Enzymes
- Chapter 5.2: The Nomenclature of Alkenes
- Chapter 5.3: The Structure of Alkenes
- Chapter 5.4: How An Organic Compound Reacts Depends on Its Functional Group
- Chapter 5.5: How Alkenes React Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons
- Chapter 5.6: Thermodynamics: How Much Product is Formed?
- Chapter 5.7: Increasing the Amount of Product Formed in a Reaction
- Chapter 5.8: Calculating H Values
- Chapter 5.9: Using H Values to Determine the Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
- Chapter 6.1: The Addition of Hydrogen Halideto Alkene
- Chapter 6.10: The Addition of a Peroxyacid to an Alkene
- Chapter 6.11: The Addition of Ozone to an Alkene: Ozonolysis
- Chapter 6.12: Regioselective, Stereoselective, And Stereospecific Reactions
- Chapter 6.13: The Stereochemistry of Electrophilic Addition Reactions
- Chapter 6.14: THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OFENZYME-CATALYZED REACTIONS
- Chapter 6.15: Enantiomers Can Be Distinguished by Biological Molecules
- Chapter 6.16: Reactions and Synthesis
- Chapter 6.2: Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon
- Chapter 6.3: What Does the Structure of the Transition State Look Like?
- Chapter 6.4: Electrophilic Addition Reactions Are Regioselective
- Chapter 6.5: The Addition of Water to an Alkene
- Chapter 6.6: The Addition of an Alcohol to an Alkene
- Chapter 6.7: A Carbocation Will Rearrange if It Can Form a More Stable Carbocation
- Chapter 6.8: The Addition of Borane to an Alkene: HydroborationOxidation
- Chapter 6.9: The Addition of a Halogen to an Alkene
- Chapter 7.1: The Nomenclature of Alkynes
- Chapter 7.10: A Hydrogen Bonded to an sp Carbon Is Acidic
- Chapter 7.11: Synthesis Using Acetylides Ions
- Chapter 7.12: An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
- Chapter 7.2: How To Name a Compound That Has More Than One Functional Group
- Chapter 7.3: The Structure of Alkynes
- Chapter 7.4: The Reactivity of Alkynes
- Chapter 7.5: The Reactivity of Alkynes
- Chapter 7.6: The Addition of Hydrogen Halides and the Addition of Halogens to an Alkyne
- Chapter 7.7: The Addition of Water to an Alkyne
- Chapter 7.8: The Addition of Borane to an Alkyne: HydroborationOxidation
- Chapter 7.9: The Addition of Hydrogen to an Alkyne
- Chapter 8: Delocalized Electrons Aromaticity and Electronic Effects
- Chapter 9: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Organic Chemistry 8th Edition - Solutions by Chapter
Full solutions for Organic Chemistry | 8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134042282
This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters: 127. The full step-by-step solution to problem in Organic Chemistry were answered by , our top Chemistry solution expert on 03/16/18, 04:59PM. Organic Chemistry was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780134042282. Since problems from 127 chapters in Organic Chemistry have been answered, more than 114019 students have viewed full step-by-step answer. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Organic Chemistry, edition: 8.
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alcohol
A compound that possesses a hydroxyl group (OH).
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alloy
A substance that has the characteristic properties of a metal and contains more than one element. Often there is one principal metallic component, with other elements present in smaller amounts. Alloys may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. (Section 12.3)
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antioxidants
Radical scavengers that prevent autooxidation by preventing radical chain reactions from beginning.
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atomic mass unit (amu)
A unit based on the value of exactly 12 amu for the mass of the isotope of carbon that has six protons and six neutrons in the nucleus. (Sections 2.3 and 3.3)
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Celsius scale
A temperature scale on which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° at sea level. (Section 1.4)
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Confi gurational isomers
Isomers that differ by the confi guration of substituents on an atom. Refers to the arrangement of atoms about a stereocenter
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diagnostic region
The region of an IR spectrum that contains signals that arise from double bonds, triple bonds, and X!H bonds.
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dimensional analysis
A method of problem solving in which units are carried through all calculations. Dimensional analysis ensures that the final answer of a calculation has the desired units. (Section 1.6)
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electrospray ionization (ESI):
In mass spectrometry, an ionization technique in which the compound is first dissolved in a solvent and then sprayed via a high-voltage needle into a vacuum chamber. The tiny droplets of solution become charged by the needle, and subsequent evaporation forms gas-phase molecular ions that typically carry one or more charges.
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enantiomeric excess
For a mixture containing two enantiomers, the difference between the percent concentration of the major enantiomer and the percent concentration of its mirror image.
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Enantiomers
Stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other; refers to a relationship between pairs of objects
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Fingerprint region
Vibrations in the region 1500 to 400 cm21 of an IR spectrum are complex and diffi cult to analyze but are characteristic for different molecules.
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heterogeneous catalyst
A catalyst that does not dissolve in the reaction medium.
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hydrogen bonding
A special type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is connected to another electronegative atom.
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intermolecular forces
The short-range attractive forces operating between the particles that make up the units of a liquid or solid substance. These same forces also cause gases to liquefy or solidify at low temperatures and high pressures. (Chapter 11: Introduction)
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Lewis structures
A drawing style inwhich the electrons take center stage.linear polymer (Sect. 27.6): A polymer thathas only a minimal amount of branching or nobranching at all.
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optically pure
A solution containing just one enantiomer, but not its mirror image.
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phospholipid
A form of lipid molecule that contains charged phosphate groups. (Section 24.9)
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protein
A biopolymer formed from amino acids. (Section 24.7)
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thermoplastics
Polymers that are hard at room temperature but soft when heated.