Solutions for Chapter 4: Acids and Bases

An OR group.

The cyclic hemiacetal of an aldose in which the hydroxyl group at the anomeric position is trans to the CH2OH

Stereoisomeric cyclic hemiacetals of an aldose or ketose that differ from each other in their configuration at the anomeric carbon.

A liquid mixture of constant composition with a boiling point that is different from that of any of its components.

An oxide that either reacts with water to form a base or reacts with an acid to form a salt and water. (Section 22.5)

The boiling point of the solution (Tb) minus the boiling point of the pure solvent (T° b). (12.6)

The measurement of heat changes. (6.5)

The C “O double bond, a characteristic feature of several organic functional groups, such as ketones and aldehydes. (Section 24.4)

Cyclic polyethers whose molecular models resemble crowns.

An elimination reaction involving the loss of H and OH.

A measure of the driving force, or electrical pressure, for the completion of an electrochemical reaction. Electromotive force is measured in volts: 1 V = 1 J>C. Also called the cell potential. (Section 20.4)

A state of a system at higher energy than the ground state.

In NMR spectroscopy, a complex signal which is a combination of all of the electrical impulses generated by each type of proton.

A voltaic cell that utilizes the oxidation of a conventional fuel, such as H2 or CH4, in the cell reaction. (Section 20.7)

In an exothermic process the transition state is closer in energy to the reactants than to the products, and therefore the structure of the transition state more closely resembles the reactants. In contrast, the transition state in an endothermic process is closer in energy to the products, and therefore the transition state more closely resembles the products.

In radical reaction mechanisms, a step in which radicals are created.

An assembly of a metal ion and the Lewis bases bonded to it. (Section 23.2)

The ability of an atom or molecule to distribute its electron density unevenly in response to external influences.

The most common isotope of hydrogen. (Section 22.2)

A conformation in which nearby groups in a Newman projection have a dihedral angle of 60°.