Solutions for Chapter 8: Haloalkanes, Halogenation, and Radical Reactions

The Group 1A elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr). (2.4)

The most stable nonplanar conformation of a cyclohexane ring; all bond angles are approximately 109.5°, and all bonds on adjacent carbons are staggered.

A situation in which two or more orbitals have the same energy. (Section 6.7)

A collection of orbitals that have the same value of n. For example, the orbitals with n = 3 (the 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals) comprise the third shell. (Section 6.5)

A reaction in which there is substitution of an electrophile, E1, for a hydrogen on an aromatic ring

A reaction in which a carboxylic acid undergoes a-halogenation when treated with bromine in the presence of PBr3.

The heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yield the process of interest. (Section 5.6)

A homogeneous alloy with definite properties and a fixed composition. Intermetallic compounds are stoichiometric compounds that form between metallic elements. (Section 12.3)

Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the universe. (Section 1.1)

The extent to which plane-polarized light is rotated by a solution of a chiral compound.

A reaction in which one compound undergoes an increase in oxidation state.

A chain comprised of a small number of amino acid residues.

Compounds that are very similar in structure to triglycerides, with the main difference being that one of the three fatty acid residues is replaced by a phosphoester group.

A carbohydrate that is oxidized upon treatment with Tollens’ reagent, Fehling’s reagent, or Benedict’s reagent.

A nucleophilic substitution in which the solvent is also the nucleophile

For a chiral compound that is subjected to plane-polarized light, the observed rotation when a standard concentration (1 g/mL) and a standard path length (1 dm) are used.

The ability of groups, because of their size, to hinder access to a reaction site within a molecule.

A compound that is similar in structure to an ether, but the oxygen atom has been replaced with a sulfur atom. Also called a thioether.

An organohalide in which the alpha (a) position is connected to three alkyl groups.

In bond-line structures, a group in front of the page.