Solutions for Chapter 8: Haloalkanes, Halogenation, and Radical Reactions

A notation that uses chemical symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in a substance. (Section 2.6)

The process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one by adding solvent. (Section 4.5)

A conformation that exhibits a gauche interaction.

A polyhydroxy aldehyde whose formula is CH2OH1CHOH24CHO; it is the most important of the monosaccharides. (Section 24.8)

Gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit infrared radiation (radiant heat), “trapping” heat in the atmosphere. (Section 18.2)

The heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yield the process of interest. (Section 5.6)

A compound containing an !OOH group.

The absolute temperature scale; the SI unit for temperature is the kelvin. Zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273.15 °C. (Section 1.4)

The energy that an object possesses by virtue of its motion. (Section 5.1)

A principle stating that when we disturb a system at chemical equilibrium, the relative concentrations of reactants and

The average distance traveled by a gas molecule between collisions. (Section 10.8)

The mass of the collection of atoms represented by the chemical formula for a molecule. (Section 3.3)

A rule stating that bonded atoms tend to possess or share a total of eight valence-shell electrons. (Section 8.1)

The conversion of a substance from one state of matter to another. The phase changes we consider are melting and freezing 1solid ? liquid2, sublimation and deposition, and vaporization and condensation 1liquid ? gas2. (Section 11.4)

A series of intermediates and curved arrows that show howthe reaction occurs in terms of the motion of electrons.

A phenomenon observed most commonly for nonequivalent protons connected to adjacent carbon atoms, in which the multiplicity of each signal is affected by the other.

An element, such as nitrogen, that forms three bonds.

For mechanisms, astep that involves only one chemical entity.

A signal of an NMR spectrum that is shifted toward the right (smaller chemical shift) on the chart paper.

The more substituted product (alkene) of an elimination reaction.