Solutions for Chapter 4: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition

A CH3CO! group; also called an acetyl group

Rainwater that has become excessively acidic because of absorption of pollutant oxides, notably SO3, produced by human activities. (Section 18.2)

An oxide that forms an acid when added to water; soluble nonmetal oxides are acidic anhydrides. (Section 22.5)

A synthetic method that employs diethyl acetamidomalonate as the starting material and enables the preparation of racemic a-amino acids.

Carbohydrates that differ in confi guration only at their anomeric carbons.

The positively charged, resonance-stabilized, intermediate of anelectrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Also called a sigma complex.

The transfer of reactivity of an endgroup from one chain to another during a polymerization

Energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances. (6.1)

A polymer,that is formed via a condensation reaction.

A ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement. (Section 1.6)

A neutral species containing one or more complex ions. (23.3)

A region of a polymer inwhich the chains are linearly extended and closein proximity to one another, resulting in van der Waals forces that hold the chains close together.

The probability of finding an electron at any particular point in an atom; this probability is equal to c2, the square of the wave function. Also called the probability density. (Section 6.5)

In radical reaction mechanisms, a step in which a bond forms between the alpha (a) and beta (b) positions. As a result, a single bond at the b position is cleaved, causing the compound to fragment into two pieces.

For a metal ion complex, the equilibrium constant for formation of the complex from the metal ion and base species present in solution. It is a measure of the tendency of the complex to form. (Section 17.5)

A compound with the structure R2CRN!NH2.

An allowed state for an electron in a molecule. According to molecular-orbital theory, a molecular orbital is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron in an atom. Most bonding molecular orbitals can be classified as s or p, depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis. (Section 9.7)

An instrument for measuring the ability of a compound to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.

The heat capacity of 1 g of a substance; the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 °C. (Section 5.5)

A polymer in which its growing chains are terminated by formation of new functional groups at both ends of its chains. These new functional groups are introduced by adding reagents, such as CO2 or ethylene oxide, to the growing chains.