- 4.48E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Determine the oxidation numb...
- 4.115IE: Federal regulations set an upper limit of 50 parts per million (ppm...
- 4.114IE: The US. standard for arsenate in drinking water requires that publi...
- 4.112IE: The mass percentage of chloride ion in a 25.00-mL sample of seawate...
- 4.113IE: The arsenic in a 1.22-g sample of a pesticide was converted to As04...
- 4.111IE: The average concentration of gold in seawater is 100 fM (femtomolar...
- 4.1DE: You are cleaning out a chemistry lab and find three unlabeled bottl...
- 4.1E: Visualizing ConceptsWhich of the following schematic drawings best ...
- 4.2E: Visualizing ConceptsAqueous solutions of three different substances...
- 4.3E: Visualizing ConceptsUse the molecular representations shown here to...
- 4.4E: Visualizing ConceptsThe concept of chemical equilibrium is very imp...
- 4.5E: Visualizing ConceptsYou are presented with a white solid and told t...
- 4.6E: Visualizing ConceptsWe have seen that ions in aqueous solution are ...
- 4.7E: Visualizing ConceptsWhich of the following ions will always be a sp...
- 4.8E: Visualizing ConceptsThe labels have fallen off three bottles contai...
- 4.9E: Visualizing ConceptsExplain how a redox reaction involves electrons...
- 4.11E: Visualizing ConceptsWhich data set, of the two graphed here, would ...
- 4.10E: Visualizing ConceptsIf you want to double the concentration of a so...
- 4.12E: Visualizing ConceptsYou are titrating an acidic solution with a bas...
- 4.13E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)State whether each...
- 4.14E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)State whether each...
- 4.15E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)We have learned in...
- 4.16E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)Would you expect t...
- 4.17E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)Specify what ions ...
- 4.19E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)Formic acid, HCOOH...
- 4.18E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)Specify what ions ...
- 4.20E: General Properties of Aqueous Solutions (Section)Acetone, CH3COCH3,...
- 4.21E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Using solubility guidelines, predi...
- 4.22E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Predict whether each of the follow...
- 4.23E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Will precipitation occur when the ...
- 4.24E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Identify the precipitate (if any) ...
- 4.25E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Which ions remain in solution, unr...
- 4.26E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Write balanced net ionic equations...
- 4.28E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Separate samples of a solution of ...
- 4.27E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Separate samples of a solution of ...
- 4.29E: You know that an unlabeled bottle contains an aqueous solution of o...
- 4.30E: Precipitation Reactions (Section)Three solutions are mixed together...
- 4.31E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Which of the fo...
- 4.33E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)State whether e...
- 4.32E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Which of the fo...
- 4.35E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Label each of t...
- 4.34E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)State whether e...
- 4.36E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)An aqueous solu...
- 4.37E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Classify each o...
- 4.38E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Classify each o...
- 4.39E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Complete and ba...
- 4.41E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Write balanced ...
- 4.40E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Write the balan...
- 4.42E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Because the oxi...
- 4.43E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)Magnesium carbo...
- 4.44E: Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions (Section)As K2O dissolve...
- 4.45E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)True or false:(a) If a subst...
- 4.46E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)True or false:(a) Oxidation ...
- 4.47E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)(a) Which region of the peri...
- 4.49E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Determine the oxidation numb...
- 4.50E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Determine the oxidation numb...
- 4.51E: OxidationReduction Reactions (Section)Which element is oxidized and...
- 4.53E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Write balanced molecular and...
- 4.52E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Which of the following are r...
- 4.54E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Write balanced molecular and...
- 4.55E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Using the activity series (T...
- 4.56E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)Using the activity series (T...
- 4.57E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)The metal cadmium tends to f...
- 4.58E: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Section)The following reactions (not...
- 4.59E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) Is the concentration of a ...
- 4.60E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)Your lab partner tells you tha...
- 4.61E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) Calculate the molarity of ...
- 4.62E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) Calculate the molarity of ...
- 4.63E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)The average adult human male h...
- 4.64E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)A person suffering from hypona...
- 4.65E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)The concentration of alcohol (...
- 4.66E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)The average adult male has a t...
- 4.67E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) How many grams of ethanol,...
- 4.68E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)One cup of fresh orange juice ...
- 4.69E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) Which will have the highes...
- 4.70E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)In each of the following pairs...
- 4.71E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)Indicate the concentration of ...
- 4.72E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)Indicate the concentration of ...
- 4.73E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) You have a stock solution ...
- 4.75E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) Starting with solid sucros...
- 4.74E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) How many milliliters of a ...
- 4.77E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)Pure acetic acid, known as gla...
- 4.78E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)Glycerol, C3H8O3, is a substan...
- 4.76E: Concentrations of Solutions (Section)(a) How many grams of solid si...
- 4.79E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)You want to a...
- 4.80E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)You want to a...
- 4.81E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)(a)What volum...
- 4.82E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)(a) How many ...
- 4.83E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)Some sulfuric...
- 4.84E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)The distincti...
- 4.85E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)A4.36-g sampl...
- 4.88E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)A solution is...
- 4.86E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)An 8.65-g sam...
- 4.87E: Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)A solution of...
- 4.89E: Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section)A 0.5895-g sample of i...
- 4.90E: Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis (Section) A 1.248-g sample of l...
- 4.91AE: Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is processed to produce fuel for nuclear...
- 4.92AE: The accompanying photo shows the reaction between a solution of Cd(...
- 4.93AE: Suppose you have a solution that might contain any or all of the fo...
- 4.94AE: You choose to investigate some of the solubility guidelines for two...
- 4.95AE: Antacids are often used to relieve pain and promote healing in the ...
- 4.96AE: The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following che...
- 4.97AE: Consider the following reagents: zinc, copper, mercury (density 13....
- 4.98AE: Lanthanum metal forms cations with a charge of 3+. Consider the fol...
- 4.99AE: A 35.0-mL sample of 1.00 M KBr and a 60.0-mL sample of 0.600 M KBr ...
- 4.100AE: Using modern analytical techniques, it is possible to detect sodium...
- 4.101AE: Hard water contains Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+, which interfere with the ...
- 4.102AE: Tartaric acid, H2C4H406, has two acidic hydrogens. The acid is ofte...
- 4.103AE: (a) A strontium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 12.50 ...
- 4.104AE: A solid sample of Zn(OH)2 is added to 0.350 L of 0.500 M aqueous HB...
- 4.105IE: Suppose you have 5.00 g of powdered magnesium metal, 1.00 L of 2.00...
- 4.106IE: (a) By titration, 15.0 ml of 0.1008 M sodium hydroxide is needed to...
- 4.107IE: A 3.455-g sample of a mixture was analyzed for barium ion by adding...
- 4.109IE: A sample of 7.75 g of Mg(OH)2 is added to 25.0 ml of 0.200 M HN03. ...
- 4.108IE: A fertilizer railroad car carrying 34,300 gallons of commercial aqu...
- 4.110IE: Lead glass contains 18-40% by mass of PbO (instead of CaO in regula...
- 4.4.1: Which of the following schematic drawings best describes a solution...
- 4.4.2: Aqueous solutions of three different substances, AX, AY, and AZ, ar...
- 4.4.3: Use the molecular representations shown here to classify each compo...
- 4.4.4: The concept of chemical equilibrium is very important. Which one of...
- 4.4.5: You are presented with a white solid and told that due to careless ...
- 4.4.6: We have seen that ions in aqueous solution are stabilized by the at...
- 4.4.7: Which of the following ions will always be a spectator ion in a pre...
- 4.4.8: The labels have fallen off three bottles containing powdered sample...
- 4.4.9: Explain how a redox reaction involves electrons in the same way tha...
- 4.4.10: If you want to double the concentration of a solution, how could yo...
- 4.4.11: Which data set, of the two graphed here, would you expect to observ...
- 4.4.12: You are titrating an acidic solution with a basic one, and just rea...
- 4.4.13: State whether each of the statements below is true or false. Justif...
- 4.4.14: State whether each of the statements below is true or false. Justif...
- 4.4.15: We have learned in this chapter that many ionic solids dissolve in ...
- 4.4.16: Would you expect that anions would be physically closer to the oxyg...
- 4.4.17: Specify what ions are present in solution upon dissolving each of t...
- 4.4.18: Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of the following...
- 4.4.19: Formic acid, HCOOH, is a weak electrolyte. What solutes are present...
- 4.4.20: Acetone, CH3COCH3, is a nonelectrolyte; hypochlorous acid, HClO, is...
- 4.4.21: Using solubility guidelines, predict whether each of the following ...
- 4.4.22: Predict whether each of the following compounds is soluble in water...
- 4.4.23: Will precipitation occur when the following solutions are mixed? If...
- 4.4.24: Identify the precipitate (if any) that forms when the following sol...
- 4.4.25: Which ions remain in solution, unreacted, after each of the followi...
- 4.4.26: Write balanced net ionic equations for the reactions that occur in ...
- 4.4.27: Separate samples of a solution of an unknown salt are treated with ...
- 4.4.28: Separate samples of a solution of an unknown ionic compound are tre...
- 4.4.29: You know that an unlabeled bottle contains an aqueous solution of o...
- 4.4.30: Three solutions are mixed together to form a single solution; in th...
- 4.4.31: Which of the following solutions is the most acidic? (a) 0.2 M LiOH...
- 4.4.32: Which of the following solutions is the most basic? (a) 0.6 M NH3, ...
- 4.4.33: State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Ju...
- 4.4.34: State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Ju...
- 4.4.35: Label each of the following substances as an acid, base, salt, or n...
- 4.4.36: An aqueous solution of an unknown solute is tested with litmus pape...
- 4.4.37: Classify each of the following substances as a nonelectrolyte, weak...
- 4.4.38: Classify each of the following aqueous solutions as a nonelectrolyt...
- 4.4.39: Complete and balance the following molecular equations, and then wr...
- 4.4.40: Write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations for each of th...
- 4.4.41: Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the following ...
- 4.4.42: Because the oxide ion is basic, metal oxides react readily with aci...
- 4.4.43: Magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium hydroxide are a...
- 4.4.44: As K2O dissolves in water, the oxide ion reacts with water molecule...
- 4.4.45: True or false: (a) If a substance is oxidized, it is gaining electr...
- 4.4.46: True or false: (a) Oxidation can occur without oxygen. (b) Oxidatio...
- 4.4.47a: (a) Which region of the periodic table shown here contains elements...
- 4.4.47b: (b) Which region contains the least readily oxidized elements?
- 4.4.48: Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following s...
- 4.4.49: Determine the oxidation number for the indicated element in each of...
- 4.4.50: Determine the oxidation number for the indicated element in each of...
- 4.4.51: Which element is oxidized and which is reduced in the following rea...
- 4.4.52: Which of the following are redox reactions? For those that are, ind...
- 4.4.53: Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the reactions ...
- 4.4.54: Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the reactions ...
- 4.4.55: Using the activity series (Table 4.5), write balanced chemical equa...
- 4.4.56: Using the activity series (Table 4.5), write balanced chemical equa...
- 4.4.57: The metal cadmium tends to form Cd2+ ions. The following observatio...
- 4.4.58: The following reactions (note that the arrows are pointing only one...
- 4.4.59a: (a) Is the concentration of a solution an intensive or an extensive...
- 4.4.59b: (b) What is the difference between 0.50 mol HCl and 0.50 M HCl?
- 4.4.60: Your lab partner tells you that he has prepared a solution that con...
- 4.4.61a: (a) Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains 0.175 mol Zn...
- 4.4.61b: (b) How many moles of protons are present in 35.0 mL of a 4.50 M so...
- 4.4.62a: (a) Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 12.5 gr...
- 4.4.62b: (b) How many moles of KBr are present in 150 mL of a 0.112 M soluti...
- 4.4.63: The average adult human male has a total blood volume of 5.0 L. If ...
- 4.4.64: A person suffering from hyponatremia has a sodium ion concentration...
- 4.4.65: The concentration of alcohol 1CH3CH2OH2 in blood, called the blood ...
- 4.4.66: The average adult male has a total blood volume of 5.0 L. After dri...
- 4.4.67a: (a) How many grams of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, should you dissolve in wat...
- 4.4.67b: (b) Using the density of ethanol (0.789 g/mL), calculate the volume...
- 4.4.68: One cup of fresh orange juice contains 124 mg of ascorbic acid (vit...
- 4.4.69a: (a) Which will have the highest concentration of potassium ion: 0.2...
- 4.4.69b: (b) Which will contain the greater number of moles of potassium ion...
- 4.4.70: In each of the following pairs, indicate which has the higher conce...
- 4.4.71: Indicate the concentration of each ion or molecule present in the f...
- 4.4.72: Indicate the concentration of each ion present in the solution form...
- 4.4.73a: (a) You have a stock solution of 14.8 M NH3. How many milliliters o...
- 4.4.73b: (b) If you take a 10.0-mL portion of the stock solution and dilute ...
- 4.4.74a: (a) How many milliliters of a stock solution of 6.0 M HNO3 would yo...
- 4.4.74b: (b) If you dilute 10.0 mL of the stock solution to a final volume o...
- 4.4.75a: (a) Starting with solid sucrose, C12H22O11, describe how you would ...
- 4.4.75b: (b) Describe how you would prepare 350.0 mL of 0.100 M C12H22O11 st...
- 4.4.76a: (a) How many grams of solid silver nitrate would you need to prepar...
- 4.4.76b: (b) An experiment calls for you to use 100 mL of 0.50 M HNO3 soluti...
- 4.4.77: Pure acetic acid, known as glacial acetic acid, is a liquid with a ...
- 4.4.78: Glycerol, C3H8O3, is a substance used extensively in the manufactur...
- 4.4.79: You want to analyze a silver nitrate solution. (a) You could add HC...
- 4.4.80: You want to analyze a cadmium nitrate solution. What mass of NaOH i...
- 4.4.81a: (a) What volume of 0.115 M HClO4 solution is needed to neutralize 5...
- 4.4.81b: (b) What volume of 0.128 M HCl is needed to neutralize 2.87 g of Mg...
- 4.4.81c: (c) If 25.8 mL of an AgNO3 solution is needed to precipitate all th...
- 4.4.81d: (d) If 45.3 mL of a 0.108 M HCl solution is needed to neutralize a ...
- 4.4.82a: (a) How many milliliters of 0.120 M HCl are needed to completely ne...
- 4.4.82b: (b) How many milliliters of 0.125 M H2SO4 are needed to neutralize ...
- 4.4.82c: (c) If 55.8 mL of a BaCl2 solution is needed to precipitate all the...
- 4.4.82d: (d) If 42.7 mL of 0.208 M HCl solution is needed to neutralize a so...
- 4.4.83: Some sulfuric acid is spilled on a lab bench. You can neutralize th...
- 4.4.84: The distinctive odor of vinegar is due to acetic acid, CH3COOH, whi...
- 4.4.85: A 4.36-g sample of an unknown alkali metal hydroxide is dissolved i...
- 4.4.86: An 8.65-g sample of an unknown group 2A metal hydroxide is dissolve...
- 4.4.87: A solution of 100.0 mL of 0.200 M KOH is mixed with a solution of 2...
- 4.4.88: A solution is made by mixing 15.0 g of Sr1OH22 and 55.0 mL of 0.200...
- 4.4.89: A 0.5895-g sample of impure magnesium hydroxide is dissolved in 100...
- 4.4.90: A 1.248-g sample of limestone rock is pulverized and then treated w...
- 4.4.91: Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is processed to produce fuel for nuclear...
- 4.4.92: The accompanying photo shows the reaction between a solution of Cd1...
- 4.4.93: Suppose you have a solution that might contain any or all of the fo...
- 4.4.94: You choose to investigate some of the solubility guidelines for two...
- 4.4.95: Antacids are often used to relieve pain and promote healing in the ...
- 4.4.96: The commercial production of nitric acid involves the following che...
- 4.4.97: Consider the following reagents: zinc, copper, mercury (density 13....
- 4.4.98: Lanthanum metal forms cations with a charge of 3+. Consider the fol...
- 4.4.99: A 35.0-mL sample of 1.00 M KBr and a 60.0-mL sample of 0.600 M KBr ...
- 4.4.100: Using modern analytical techniques, it is possible to detect sodium...
- 4.4.101: Hard water contains Ca 2+, Mg2+, and Fe 2+, which interfere with th...
- 4.4.102: Tartaric acid, H2C4H4O6, has two acidic hydrogens. The acid is ofte...
- 4.4.103a: (a) A strontium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 12.50 ...
- 4.4.103b: (b) Next the strontium hydroxide solution prepared in part (a) is u...
- 4.4.103c: (c) If 23.9 mL of the strontium hydroxide solution was needed to ne...
- 4.4.104: A solid sample of Zn1OH22 is added to 0.350 L of 0.500 M aqueous HB...
- 4.4.105: Suppose you have 5.00 g of powdered magnesium metal, 1.00 L of 2.00...
- 4.4.106a: (a) By titration, 15.0 mL of 0.1008 M sodium hydroxide is needed to...
- 4.4.106b: (b) An elemental analysis of the acid indicates that it is composed...
- 4.4.107: A 3.455-g sample of a mixture was analyzed for barium ion by adding...
- 4.4.108: A fertilizer railroad car carrying 34,300 gallons of commercial aqu...
- 4.4.109: A sample of 7.75 g of Mg1OH22 is added to 25.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3. ...
- 4.4.110: Lead glass contains 1840% by mass of PbO (instead of CaO in regular...
- 4.4.111: The average concentration of gold in seawater is 100 fM (femtomolar...
- 4.4.112: The mass percentage of chloride ion in a 25.00-mL sample of seawate...
- 4.4.113: The arsenic in a 1.22-g sample of a pesticide was converted to AsO4...
- 4.4.114: The U.S. standard for arsenate in drinking water requires that publ...
- 4.4.115: Federal regulations set an upper limit of 50 parts per million (ppm...
Solutions for Chapter 4: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition
Full solutions for Chemistry: The Central Science | 13th Edition
ISBN: 9780321910417
Since 250 problems in chapter 4 have been answered, more than 146232 students have viewed full step-by-step solutions from this chapter. This expansive textbook survival guide covers the following chapters and their solutions. This textbook survival guide was created for the textbook: Chemistry: The Central Science, edition: 13. Chapter 4 includes 250 full step-by-step solutions. Chemistry: The Central Science was written by and is associated to the ISBN: 9780321910417.
-
Aceto group
A CH3CO! group; also called an acetyl group
-
acid rain
Rainwater that has become excessively acidic because of absorption of pollutant oxides, notably SO3, produced by human activities. (Section 18.2)
-
acidic anhydride (acidic oxide)
An oxide that forms an acid when added to water; soluble nonmetal oxides are acidic anhydrides. (Section 22.5)
-
amidomalonate synthesis
A synthetic method that employs diethyl acetamidomalonate as the starting material and enables the preparation of racemic a-amino acids.
-
Anomers
Carbohydrates that differ in confi guration only at their anomeric carbons.
-
arenium ion
The positively charged, resonance-stabilized, intermediate of anelectrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Also called a sigma complex.
-
Chain-transfer reaction
The transfer of reactivity of an endgroup from one chain to another during a polymerization
-
chemical energy.
Energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances. (6.1)
-
condensation polymer
A polymer,that is formed via a condensation reaction.
-
conversion factor
A ratio relating the same quantity in two systems of units that is used to convert the units of measurement. (Section 1.6)
-
coordination compound.
A neutral species containing one or more complex ions. (23.3)
-
crystallite
A region of a polymer inwhich the chains are linearly extended and closein proximity to one another, resulting in van der Waals forces that hold the chains close together.
-
electron density
The probability of finding an electron at any particular point in an atom; this probability is equal to c2, the square of the wave function. Also called the probability density. (Section 6.5)
-
elimination (of radicals)
In radical reaction mechanisms, a step in which a bond forms between the alpha (a) and beta (b) positions. As a result, a single bond at the b position is cleaved, causing the compound to fragment into two pieces.
-
formation constant
For a metal ion complex, the equilibrium constant for formation of the complex from the metal ion and base species present in solution. It is a measure of the tendency of the complex to form. (Section 17.5)
-
hydrazone
A compound with the structure R2CRN!NH2.
-
molecular orbital (MO)
An allowed state for an electron in a molecule. According to molecular-orbital theory, a molecular orbital is entirely analogous to an atomic orbital, which is an allowed state for an electron in an atom. Most bonding molecular orbitals can be classified as s or p, depending on the disposition of electron density with respect to the internuclear axis. (Section 9.7)
-
Polarimeter
An instrument for measuring the ability of a compound to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light.
-
specific heat 1Cs2
The heat capacity of 1 g of a substance; the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 °C. (Section 5.5)
-
Telechelic polymer
A polymer in which its growing chains are terminated by formation of new functional groups at both ends of its chains. These new functional groups are introduced by adding reagents, such as CO2 or ethylene oxide, to the growing chains.