Solutions for Chapter 4: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition

Any reaction in which a new carbon-carbon bond to an alkyl group is formed.

A molecular orbital in which the electron density is concentrated in the internuclear region. The energy of a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the energy of the separate atomic orbitals from which it forms. (Section 9.7)

A polymer that contains a large number of branches connected to the main chain of the polymer.

An aldol reaction that occurs between different partners.

The amount of partial charge (d ) on either end of a dipole multiplied by the distance of separation (d): m=d × d

A compound containing a hydroxyl group (OH) connected directly to a carbon-carbon double bond.

For chair conformations of substituted cyclohexanes, a position that is approximately along the equator of the ring.

A biological membrane that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids on the surface and embedded in the bilayer

The charge on an atom in a polyatomic ion or molecule

A catalyst that is in the same phase as the reactant substances. (Section 14.7)

The attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of high electronegativity (most commonly O or N) and a lone pair of electrons on another atom of high electronegativity (again, most commonly O or N).

Bonding that results from intermolecular attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve OH, NH, and HF. (Section 11.2)

A constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the increase in boiling point as a function of solution molality: ?Tb = Kbm. (Section 13.5)

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; abbreviated m. (Section 13.4)

In mass spectrometry,the ion that is generated when the compound is ionized.

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, read from the N-terminal amino acid to the C-terminal amino acid.

A reaction in which a compound undergoes a decrease in oxidation state.

An ionic compound formed by replacing one or more hydrogens of an acid by other cations. (Section 4.3)

A statement of our experience that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When a process occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is nonspontaneous in the reverse direction. It is possible to state the second law in many different forms, but they all relate back to the same idea about spontaneity. One of the most common statements found in chemical contexts is that in any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases. (Section 19.2)

A bond that is characterized by circular symmetry with respect to the bond axis.