Solutions for Chapter 23.5SE: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition

A reaction in which bonds are broken in the presence of an acid. For example, in the presence of a strong acid, an ether is converted into two alkyl halides.

A unit of pressure equal to 760 torr; 1 atm = 101.325 kPa. (Section 10.2) atom The smallest representative particle of an element. (Sections 1.1 and 2.1)

The slow oxidation of organic compounds that occurs in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Air oxidation of materials such as unsaturated fatty acids.

In a bicyclic system, the carbon atoms where the rings are fused together.

A step in a chain reaction characterized by the formation of reactive intermediates (radicals, anions, or cations) from nonradical or noncharged molecules

The generally larger formation constants for polydentate ligands as compared with the corresponding monodentate ligands. (Section 23.3)

An acid and a base, such as H2O and OH-, that differ only in the presence or absence of a proton. (Section 16.2)

An aldol reaction that occurs between different partners.

The process in which molecules, ions, or atoms come together to form a crystalline solid. (Section 13.2)

A type of nucleic acid. (25.4)

From the Greek meaning electron loving. Any species that can accept a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond; alternatively, a Lewis acid.

Atoms or groups on an atom that give a chiral center when one of the groups is replaced by another group. A pair of enantiomers results. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are enantiotopic. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol. Enantiotopic groups have identical chemical shifts in achiral environments but different chemical shifts in chiral environments.

A biological membrane that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids on the surface and embedded in the bilayer

The product of the mass, m, and velocity, v, of an object. (Section 6.4)

See lanthanide element. (Sections 6.8 and 6.9)

A method for preparing substituted amines by treating an aldehyde or ketone with an amine in the presence of a reducing agent

The threedimensional conformations of localized regions of a protein, including helices and b-pleated sheets.

Groups that strongy deactivate an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, thereby significantly decreasing the rate of the reaction.

Experimental conditions that permit the establishment of equilibrium between two or more products of a reaction. The composition of the product mixture is determined by the relative stabilities of the products.