Solutions for Chapter 23.5SE: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition

For a substituted aromatic ring, the effect of an electron-donating substituent that increases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Hydrocarbon compounds that contain a planar, cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms linked by both s and delocalized p bonds. (Section 24.2)

A type of polypeptide secondary structure in which sections of polypeptide chains are aligned parallel or antiparallel to one another.

For mechanisms, a step that involves two chemical entities.

The most common drawing style employed by organic chemists. All carbon atoms and most hydrogen atoms are implied but not explicitly drawn in a bond-line structure.

A theory that accounts for the colors and the magnetic and other properties of transition-metal complexes in terms of the splitting of the energies of metal ion d orbitals by the electrostatic interaction with the ligands. (Section 23.6)

Loss of CO2 from a carboxyl group.

Similarities between pairs of elements in different groups and periods of the periodic table. (8.6)

Protons that are not interchangeable by rotational symmetry but are interchangeable by reflectional symmetry.

A voltaic cell that utilizes the oxidation of a conventional fuel, such as H2 or CH4, in the cell reaction. (Section 20.7)

A thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy, in the form G = H - TS. For a change occurring at constant temperature and pressure, the change in free energy is ?G = ?H - T?S. (Section 19.5)

Bond breaking that results in the formation of ions.

A metal complex in which the electrons are paired in lower-energy orbitals. (Section 23.6)

A series of reactions by which a set of organic starting materials is converted to a more complicated structure.

The concentration of a solution in grams of solute per 106 (million) grams of solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solution for aqueous solutions. (Section 13.4)

The determination of the amount of a given substance that is present in a sample. (Section 17.7)

A compound that reduces another compound and in the process is itself oxidized. Sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride are reducing agents.

A reaction in which the overall reaction order (the sum of the concentration- term exponents) in the rate law is 2. (Section 14.4)

An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which an SO3H group is installed on an aromatic ring.

The difference in energy between staggered and eclipsed conformations (for example, in ethane).