Solutions for Chapter 14.15SE: Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition

A reaction that occurs when an aldehyde or ketone is attacked by an enolate ion. The product of an aldol addition reaction is always a b-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone.

Carbohydrates that differ in confi guration only at their anomeric carbons.

An elimination reaction in which a proton from the beta (b) position is removed together with the leaving group, forming a double bond.

A means of protecting a metal against corrosion by making it the cathode in a voltaic cell. This can be achieved by attaching a more easily oxidized metal, which serves as an anode, to the metal to be protected. (Section 20.8)

The most efficient arrangements for packing atoms, molecules, or ions in a crystal. (11.4)

A reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with the release of heat and light, to produce a flame. (4.4)

Loss of CO2 from a carboxyl group.

Molecular orbitals that are not confined between two adjacent bonding atoms but actually extend over three or more atoms. (10.8)

A compound containing two carbon-carbon p bonds.

Bonding that results from intermolecular attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to an electronegative element. The most important examples involve OH, NH, and HF. (Section 11.2)

The attractive forces between molecules.

From the Greek, mono 1 meros, meaning single part. The simplest nonredundant unit from which a polymer is synthesized.

Light for which all photons have the same polarization, generally formed by passing light through a polarizing filter.

A mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers.

The step in a multistep reaction sequence that crosses the highest energy barrier.

Separation of a racemic mixture into its enantiomers; in mass spectrometry, a measure of how well a mass spectrometer separates ions of different mass.

A molecular orbital in which electron density is concentrated between two nuclei, along the axis joining them, and is cylindrically symmetrical

A conformation about a carbon-carbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as far apart as possible from atoms or groups on an adjacent carbon.

A reaction that has a rate equation in which the sum of all exponents is three

The frequency of electromagnetic radiation expressed as the number of waves per centimeter, with units cm21 (read: reciprocal centimeters).