Chemistry 12th Edition solutions

Chemistry 12
Explain why carbon is able to form so many more compounds than any other element.

Chemistry 12
What is the difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons?

Chemistry 12
What do saturated and unsaturated mean when applied to hydrocarbons? Give examples of a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Chemistry 12
Give three sources of methane

Chemistry 12
Alkenes exhibit geometric isomerism because rotation about the CC bond is restricted. Explain

Chemistry 12
Why is it that alkanes and alkynes, unlike alkenes, have no geometric isomers?

Chemistry 12
What is Markovnikovs rule?

Chemistry 12
Describe reactions that are characteristic of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Chemistry 12
What factor determines whether a carbon atom in a compound is chiral?

Chemistry 12
Give examples of a chiral substituted alkane and an achiral substituted alkane.

Chemistry 12
Draw all possible structural isomers for the following alkane: C7H16.

Chemistry 12
How many distinct chloropentanes, C5H11Cl, could be produced in the direct chlorination of n-pentane, CH3(CH2)3CH3? Draw the structure of each molecule.

Chemistry 12
Draw all possible isomers for the molecule C4H8.

Chemistry 12
Draw all possible isomers for the molecule C3H5Br.

Chemistry 12
The structural isomers of pentane, C5H12, have quite different boiling points (see Example 24.1). Explain the observed variation in boiling point, in terms of structure.

Chemistry 12
Discuss how you can determine which of the following compounds might be alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, or alkynes, without drawing their formulas: (a) C6H12, (b) C4H6, (c) C5H12, (d) C7H14, (e) C3H4.

Chemistry 12
Draw the structures of cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene. Which of the two compounds would have the higher heat of hydrogenation? Explain.

Chemistry 12
Would you expect cyclobutadiene to be a stable molecule? Explain. HHCOC B EH B HECOCHH

Chemistry 12
How many different isomers can be derived from ethylene if two hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom? Draw their structures and name them. Indicate which are structural isomers and which are geometric isomers.

Chemistry 12
Suggest two chemical tests that would help you distinguish between these two compounds: (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2CH2CHCH2

Chemistry 12
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) adds to the double bond of alkenes as H1 and 2OSO3H. Predict the products when sulfuric acid reacts with (a) ethylene and (b) propene

Chemistry 12
Acetylene is an unstable compound. It has a tendency to form benzene as follows: 3C2H2(g) C6H6(l) Calculate the standard enthalpy change in kilojoules per mole for this reaction at 25C.

Chemistry 12
Predict products when HBr is added to (a) 1-butene and (b) 2-butene

Chemistry 12
Geometric isomers are not restricted to compounds containing the CC bond. For example, certain disubstituted cycloalkanes can exist in the cis and the trans forms. Label the following molecules as the cis and trans isomer, of the same compound: (a) (b) H A A H H A A H Cl A A H Cl A A H H A A Cl Cl A

Chemistry 12
Which of the following amino acids are chiral: (a) CH3CH(NH2)COOH, (b) CH2(NH2)COOH, (c) CH2(OH)CH(NH2)COOH?

Chemistry 12
Name the following compounds: CH3OCHOCH2OCH2OCH3 CH3 A (a) CH3OCHOOCHOCHOCH3 C2H5 A CH3 A CH3 A (b) CH3OCH2OCHOCH2OCH3 A CH2OCH2OCH3 (c) CH2PCHOCHOCHPCH2 CH3 A (d) CH3OC COCH2OCH3 (e) OOO CH3OCH2OCHOCHPCH2 A (f)

Chemistry 12
Write structural formulas for the following organic compounds: (a) 3-methylhexane, (b) 1,3,5-trichlorocyclohexane, (c) 2,3-dimethylpentane, (d) 2-bromo- 4-phenylpentane, (e) 3,4,5-trimethyloctane.

Chemistry 12
Write structural formulas for the following compounds: (a) trans-2-pentene, (b) 2-ethyl-1-butene, (c) 4-ethyl-trans-2-heptene, (d) 3-phenyl-butyne.

Chemistry 12
Comment on the extra stability of benzene compared to ethylene. Why does ethylene undergo addition reactions while benzene usually undergoes substitution reactions?

Chemistry 12
Benzene and cyclohexane molecules both contain six-membered rings. Benzene is a planar molecule, and cyclohexane is nonplanar. Explain.

Chemistry 12
Write structures for the following compounds: (a) 1-bromo-3-methylbenzene, (b) 1-chloro-2-propylbenzene, (c) 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene

Chemistry 12
Name the following compounds: (a) Cl A A CH3 HCl NO2 A A NO2 HCH2CH3 (b) CH3 A A CH3 (c) H3C E ECH3

Chemistry 12
What are functional groups? Why is it logical and useful to classify organic compounds according to their functional groups?

Chemistry 12
Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following functional groups: alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine.

Chemistry 12
Draw structures for molecules with the following formulas: (a) CH4O, (b) C2H6O, (c) C3H6O2, (d) C3H8O.

Chemistry 12
Classify each of the following molecules as alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, amine, or ether: (a) CH3OCH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2NH2 (c) CH3OCH2OC J O G H (d) CH3OCOCH2OCH3 B O (e) HOCOOH O B (f) CH3CH2CH2OH OCH2OCOOCOOH NH2 A A H O B (g)

Chemistry 12
Generally aldehydes are more susceptible to oxidation in air than are ketones. Use acetaldehyde and acetone as examples and show why ketones such as acetone are more stable than aldehydes in this respect.

Chemistry 12
Complete the following equation and identify the products: HCOOH 1 CH3OH

Chemistry 12
A compound has the empirical formula C5H12O. Upon controlled oxidation, it is converted into a compound of empirical formula C5H10O, which behaves as a ketone. Draw possible structures for the original compound and the final compound

Chemistry 12
A compound having the molecular formula C4H10O does not react with sodium metal. In the presence of light, the compound reacts with Cl2 to form three compounds having the formula C4H9OCl. Draw a structure for the original compound that is consistent with this information

Chemistry 12
Predict the product or products of each of the following reactions: (a) CH3CH2OH 1 HCOOH (b) HOC C OOO OCH3 H2 88n CPC HBr 888n C2H5 G H D D H G H (c)

Chemistry 12
Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: (a) CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3COOC2H5 (c) CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3

Chemistry 12
Draw all the possible structural isomers for the molecule having the formula C7H7Cl. The molecule contains one benzene ring.

Chemistry 12
Given these data C2H4(g) 1 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) 1 2H2O(l) H 5 21411 kJ/mol 2C2H2(g) 1 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) 1 2H2O(l) H 5 22599 kJ/mol H2(g) 1 1 2O2(g) H2O(l) H 5 2285.8 kJ/mol calculate the heat of hydrogenation for acetylene: C2H2(g) 1 H2(g) C2H4(g)

Chemistry 12
State which member of each of the following pairs of compounds is the more reactive and explain why: (a) propane and cyclopropane, (b) ethylene and methane, (c) acetaldehyde and acetone.

Chemistry 12
State which of the following types of compounds can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules: (a) carboxylic acids, (b) alkenes, (c) ethers, (d) aldehydes, (e) alkanes, (f) amines.

Chemistry 12
An organic compound is found to contain 37.5 percent carbon, 3.2 percent hydrogen, and 59.3 percent fluorine by mass. The following pressure and volume data were obtained for 1.00 g of this substance at 90C: P (atm) V (L) 2.00 0.332 1.50 0.409 1.00 0.564 0.50 1.028 The molecule is known to have no di

Chemistry 12
State at least one commercial use for each of the following compounds: (a) 2-propanol (isopropanol), (b) acetic acid, (c) naphthalene, (d) methanol, (e) ethanol, (f) ethylene glycol, (g) methane, (h) ethylene.

Chemistry 12
How many liters of air (78 percent N2, 22 percent O2 by volume) at 20C and 1.00 atm are needed for the complete combustion of 1.0 L of octane, C8H18, a typical gasoline component that has a density of 0.70 g/mL?

Chemistry 12
How many carbon-carbon sigma bonds are present in each of the following molecules? (a) 2- butyne, (b) anthracene (see Figure 24.7), (c) 2,3-dimethylpentane

Chemistry 12
How many carbon-carbon sigma bonds are present in each of the following molecules? (a) benzene, (b) cyclobutane, (c) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

Chemistry 12
The combustion of 20.63 mg of compound Y, which contains only C, H, and O, with excess oxygen gave 57.94 mg of CO2 and 11.85 mg of H2O. (a) Calculate how many milligrams of C, H, and O were present in the original sample of Y. (b) Derive the empirical formula of Y. (c) Suggest a plausible structure f

Chemistry 12
Draw all the structural isomers of compounds with the formula C4H8Cl2. Indicate which isomers are chiral and give them systematic names.

Chemistry 12
The combustion of 3.795 mg of liquid B, which contains only C, H, and O, with excess oxygen gave 9.708 mg of CO2 and 3.969 mg of H2O. In a molar mass determination, 0.205 g of B vaporized at 1.00 atm and 200.0C and occupied a volume of 89.8 mL. Derive the empirical formula, molar mass, and molecular

Chemistry 12
Beginning with 3-methyl-1-butyne, show how you would prepare the following compounds: CH2PCOCHOCH3 CH3 A Br A (a) CH2BrOCBr2OCHOCH3 CH3 A (b) CH3OCHOCHOCH3 CH3 A Br A (c)

Chemistry 12
Indicate the asymmetric carbon atoms in the following compounds: CH3OCH2OCHOCHOCONH2 CH3 A A NH2 O B (a) H A A H H A A Br H A A (b) Br

Chemistry 12
Suppose benzene contained three distinct single bonds and three distinct double bonds. How many different isomers would there be for dichlorobenzene (C6H4Cl2)? Draw all your proposed structures.

Chemistry 12
Write the structural formula of an aldehyde that is a structural isomer of acetone.

Chemistry 12
Draw structures for the following compounds: (a) cyclopentane, (b) cis-2-butene, (c) 2-hexanol, (d) 1,4-dibromobenzene, (e) 2-butyne.

Chemistry 12
Name the classes to which the following compounds belong: (a) C4H9OH (b) CH3OC2H5 (c) C2H5CHO (d) C6H5COOH (e) CH3NH2

Chemistry 12
Ethanol, C2H5OH, and dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, are structural isomers. Compare their melting points, boiling points, and solubilities in water.

Chemistry 12
Amines are Brnsted bases. The unpleasant smell of fish is due to the presence of certain amines. Explain why cooks often add lemon juice to suppress the odor of fish (in addition to enhancing the flavor).

Chemistry 12
You are given two bottles, each containing a colorless liquid. You are told that one liquid is cyclohexane and the other is benzene. Suggest one chemical test that would allow you to distinguish between these two liquids

Chemistry 12
Give the chemical names of the following organic compounds and write their formulas: marsh gas, grain alcohol, wood alcohol, rubbing alcohol, antifreeze, mothballs, chief ingredient of vinegar.

Chemistry 12
The compound CH3CCCH3 is hydrogenated to an alkene using platinum as the catalyst. Predict whether the product is the pure trans isomer, the pure cis isomer, or a mixture of cis and trans isomers. Based on your prediction, comment on the mechanism of the heterogeneous catalysis.

Chemistry 12
How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in each of the following compounds? H A A Cl H A A H H A A H (a) HOCOCOCOCl OH A A H CH3 A A H (b) H3COCOOCOCH2OH CH2OH A C A H OH A C A H OH A C A H H A C A OH H A C A HO (c) O

Chemistry 12
Isopropanol is prepared by reacting propylene (CH3CHCH2) with sulfuric acid, followed by treatment with water. (a) Show the sequence of steps leading to the product. What is the role of sulfuric acid? (b) Draw the structure of an alcohol that is an \ isomer of isopropanol. (c) Is isopropanol a chi

Chemistry 12
When a mixture of methane and bromine vapor is exposed to light, the following reaction occurs slowly: CH4(g) 1 Br2(g) CH3Br(g) 1 HBr(g) Suggest a mechanism for this reaction. (Hint: Bromine vapor is deep red; methane is colorless.)

Chemistry 12
Under conditions of acid catalysis, alkenes react with water to form alcohols. As in the case with hydrogen halides, the addition reaction in the formation of alcohols is also governed by Markovnikovs rule. An alkene of approximate molar mass of 42 g reacts with water and sulfuric acid to produce a c

Chemistry 12
2-Butanone can be reduced to 2-butanol by reagents such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). (a) Write the formula of the product. Is it chiral? (b) In reality, the product does not exhibit optical activity. Explain.

Chemistry 12
Write the structures of three alkenes that yield 2-methylbutane on hydrogenation.

Chemistry 12
An alcohol was converted to a carboxylic acid with acidic potassium dichromate. A 4.46-g sample of the acid was added to 50.0 mL of 2.27 M NaOH and the excess NaOH required 28.7 mL of 1.86 M HCl for neutralization. What is the molecular formula of the alcohol?

Chemistry 12
Write the structural formulas of the alcohols with the formula C6H13O and indicate those that are chiral. Show only the C atoms and the OH groups

Chemistry 12
Fat and oil are names for the same class of compounds, called triglycerides, which contain three ester groups CH2OOOCOR A A A CHOOOCOR A A A CH2OOOCOR O B O B O B A fat or oil where R, R9, and R represent long hydrocarbon chains. (a) Suggest a reaction that leads to the formation of a triglyceri