Solutions for Chapter 17: Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium

For a substituted aromatic ring, the effect of an electron-donating substituent that increases the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

The process of introducing an acyl group, RCO! or ArCO!, onto an organic molecule.

An organic compound containing the hydroxyl group —OH. (24.4)

See alpha rays.

Carbohydrates that differ in confi guration only at their anomeric carbons.

A solution that undergoes a limited change in pH upon addition of a small amount of acid or base. (Section 17.2)

The transfer of reactivity of an endgroup from one chain to another during a polymerization

A reaction involving the loss of a leaving group and formation of a p bond.

A compound of the type CHX3 where X is a halogen.

The reaction rate at a particular time as opposed to the average rate over an interval of time. (Section 14.2)

An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that involves the installation of a nitro group (NO2) on an aromatic ring.

A particle found in the nucleus of an atom. (Section 21.1)

The loss of electrons. Alternatively, either the loss of hydrogens, the gain of oxygens, or both.

Compounds with the general structure R!O!O!R.

Fibrous proteins that are used for their structural rigidity. Examples include a-keratins found in hair, nails, skin, feathers, and wool.

The threedimensional arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid, commonly referred to as supercoiling

An element, such as carbon, that forms four bonds.

The angle between two groups in a Newman projection, also called the dihedral angle.

A compound containing three hydroxyl groups.

A process that involves the removal of a carbon atom from an aldose. The aldehyde group is first converted to a cyanohydrin, followed by loss of HCN in the presence of a base.