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The process by which large quantities of sand are added to the beach system to offset losses caused by wave erosion.

A theory of raindrop formation in warm clouds (above 0° C) in which large cloud droplets (giants) collide and join together with smaller droplets to form a raindrop. Opposite electrical charges may bind the cloud droplets together.

One of three basic cloud forms; also the name given one of the clouds of vertical development. Cumulus are billowy individual cloud masses that often have flat bases.

A layer of coarse pebbles and gravel created when wind removed the finer material.

Dark, thin streaks that appear across the bright solar disk.

The mechanical breakup of rock caused by the expansion of freezing water in cracks and crevices.

A valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block.

See Terrestrial planets.

See Pluton.

Any portion of a meteoroid that survives its traverse through Earth’s atmosphere and strikes Earth’s surface.

A more precise measure of earthquake magnitude than the Richter scale that is derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault zone.

The point in the orbit of a planet where it is closest to the Sun.

An igneous rock texture resulting from the consolidation of individual rock fragments that are ejected during a violent eruption.

Ground-up rock produced by the grinding effect of a glacier.

The proportion of dissolved salts to pure water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (%).

A local wind blowing from the sea during the afternoon in coastal areas.

The downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface.

The area where an air mass acquires its characteristic properties of temperature and moisture.

The abnormal rise of the sea along a shore as a result of strong winds.

A nourishment level in a food chain. Plant and algae producers constitute the lowest level, followed by herbivores and a series of carnivores at progressively higher levels.