Solutions for Chapter 2.2: Frequency Distributions

A variation of the R 2 statistic that compensates for the number of parameters in a regression model. Essentially, the adjustment is a penalty for increasing the number of parameters in the model. Alias. In a fractional factorial experiment when certain factor effects cannot be estimated uniquely, they are said to be aliased.

In a fractional factorial experiment when certain factor effects cannot be estimated uniquely, they are said to be aliased.

The joint distribution of two normal random variables

Data consisting of counts or observations that can be classiied into categories. The categories may be descriptive.

When y fx = ( ) and y is considered to be caused by x, x is sometimes called a causal variable

The distribution of a random variable given that the random experiment produces an outcome in an event. The given event might specify values for one or more other random variables

A two-dimensional graphic used for a bivariate probability density function that displays curves for which the probability density function is constant.

A graphical display used to monitor a process. It usually consists of a horizontal center line corresponding to the in-control value of the parameter that is being monitored and lower and upper control limits. The control limits are determined by statistical criteria and are not arbitrary, nor are they related to speciication limits. If sample points fall within the control limits, the process is said to be in-control, or free from assignable causes. Points beyond the control limits indicate an out-of-control process; that is, assignable causes are likely present. This signals the need to ind and remove the assignable causes.

For a random variable X, the function of X deined as PX x ( ) ? that is used to specify the probability distribution.

An expression sometimes used for nonlinear regression models or polynomial regression models.

Used in statistical quality control, a defect is a particular type of nonconformance to speciications or requirements. Sometimes defects are classiied into types, such as appearance defects and functional defects.

The number of independent comparisons that can be made among the elements of a sample. The term is analogous to the number of degrees of freedom for an object in a dynamic system, which is the number of independent coordinates required to determine the motion of the object.

A management philosophy promoted by W. Edwards Deming that emphasizes the importance of change and quality

Another name for a probability density function

The amount of variability exhibited by data

An analysis of how the variance of the random variable that represents that output of a system depends on the variances of the inputs. A formula exists when the output is a linear function of the inputs and the formula is simpliied if the inputs are assumed to be independent.

A model that contains only irstorder terms. For example, the irst-order response surface model in two variables is y xx = + ?? ? ? 0 11 2 2 + + . A irst-order model is also called a main effects model

See P chart

Another name for the normal distribution, based on the strong connection of Karl F. Gauss to the normal distribution; often used in physics and electrical engineering applications

In general, the agreement of a set of observed values and a set of theoretical values that depend on some hypothesis. The term is often used in itting a theoretical distribution to a set of observations.