Statistics for Business and Economics, Student Value Edition Plus MyLab Statistics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition) 10th Edition Solutions

In hypothesis testing, an error incurred by failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is actually false (also called a type II error).

In a fractional factorial experiment when certain factor effects cannot be estimated uniquely, they are said to be aliased.

The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x1 , x2 ,…, xn is their sum divided by the number of observations, or ( / )1 1 n xi t n ? = . The arithmetic mean is usually denoted by x , and is often called the average

An effect that systematically distorts a statistical result or estimate, preventing it from representing the true quantity of interest.

The joint probability distribution of two random variables.

The probability 1?a associated with a conidence interval expressing the probability that the stated interval will contain the true parameter value.

A probability distribution for a continuous random variable.

A linear function of treatment means with coeficients that total zero. A contrast is a summary of treatment means that is of interest in an experiment.

See Control chart.

A square matrix that contains the correlations among a set of random variables, say, XX X 1 2 k , ,…, . The main diagonal elements of the matrix are unity and the off-diagonal elements rij are the correlations between Xi and Xj .

The value of a statistic corresponding to a stated signiicance level as determined from the sampling distribution. For example, if PZ z PZ ( )( .) . ? =? = 0 025 . 1 96 0 025, then z0 025 . = 1 9. 6 is the critical value of z at the 0.025 level of signiicance. Crossed factors. Another name for factors that are arranged in a factorial experiment.

W. Edwards Deming (1900–1993) was a leader in the use of statistical quality control.

An experiment in which the tests are planned in advance and the plans usually incorporate statistical models. See Experiment

A continuous random variable that is the sum of a ixed number of independent, exponential random variables.

An analysis of how the variance of the random variable that represents that output of a system depends on the variances of the inputs. A formula exists when the output is a linear function of the inputs and the formula is simpliied if the inputs are assumed to be independent.

The numerical value of a point estimator.

The expected value of a random variable X is its long-term average or mean value. In the continuous case, the expected value of X is E X xf x dx ( ) = ?? ( ) ? ? where f ( ) x is the density function of the random variable X.

A method used in regression analysis to conduct a hypothesis test for the additional contribution of one or more variables to a model.

See P chart

A function used in the probability density function of a gamma random variable that can be considered to extend factorials