Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach 9th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

A formula used to determine the probability of the union of two (or more) events from the probabilities of the events and their intersection(s).

A method of decomposing the total variability in a set of observations, as measured by the sum of the squares of these observations from their average, into component sums of squares that are associated with speciic deined sources of variation

Sequences of independent trials with only two outcomes, generally called “success” and “failure,” in which the probability of success remains constant.

Unbiased estimator.

The joint probability distribution of two random variables.

Data consisting of counts or observations that can be classiied into categories. The categories may be descriptive.

The portion of the variability in a set of observations that is due to only random forces and which cannot be traced to speciic sources, such as operators, materials, or equipment. Also called a common cause.

See R 2 .

The probability of an event given that the random experiment produces an outcome in another event.

An estimator that converges in probability to the true value of the estimated parameter as the sample size increases.

A random variable with an interval (either inite or ininite) of real numbers for its range.

A continuous random variable with range of a inite interval and a constant probability density function.

A square matrix that contains the correlations among a set of random variables, say, XX X 1 2 k , ,…, . The main diagonal elements of the matrix are unity and the off-diagonal elements rij are the correlations between Xi and Xj .

An expression sometimes used for nonlinear regression models or polynomial regression models.

The number of independent comparisons that can be made among the elements of a sample. The term is analogous to the number of degrees of freedom for an object in a dynamic system, which is the number of independent coordinates required to determine the motion of the object.

An experiment in which the tests are planned in advance and the plans usually incorporate statistical models. See Experiment

The amount of variability exhibited by data

Any method of inference (hypothesis testing or conidence interval construction) that does not depend on the form of the underlying distribution of the observations. Sometimes called nonparametric method(s).

A model that contains only irstorder terms. For example, the irst-order response surface model in two variables is y xx = + ?? ? ? 0 11 2 2 + + . A irst-order model is also called a main effects model

A discrete random variable that is the number of Bernoulli trials until a success occurs.