Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach 9th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

In hypothesis testing, an error incurred by failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is actually false (also called a type II error).

Any control chart for a discrete random variable. See Variables control chart.

An attribute control chart that plots the total number of defects per unit in a subgroup. Similar to a defects-per-unit or U chart.

A subset selected without replacement from a set used to determine the number of outcomes in events and sample spaces.

The probability 1?a associated with a conidence interval expressing the probability that the stated interval will contain the true parameter value.

See Control chart.

A method to derive the probability density function of the sum of two independent random variables from an integral (or sum) of probability density (or mass) functions.

A square matrix that contains the variances and covariances among a set of random variables, say, X1 , X X 2 k , , … . The main diagonal elements of the matrix are the variances of the random variables and the off-diagonal elements are the covariances between Xi and Xj . Also called the variance-covariance matrix. When the random variables are standardized to have unit variances, the covariance matrix becomes the correlation matrix.

Another name for factors that are arranged in a factorial experiment.

A control chart in which the point plotted at time t is the sum of the measured deviations from target for all statistics up to time t

An expression sometimes used for nonlinear regression models or polynomial regression models.

Used in statistical quality control, a defect is a particular type of nonconformance to speciications or requirements. Sometimes defects are classiied into types, such as appearance defects and functional defects.

A quality tool that graphically shows the location of defects on a part or in a process.

Any method of inference (hypothesis testing or conidence interval construction) that does not depend on the form of the underlying distribution of the observations. Sometimes called nonparametric method(s).

A concept in parameter estimation that uses the variances of different estimators; essentially, an estimator is more eficient than another estimator if it has smaller variance. When estimators are biased, the concept requires modiication.

The difference between an estimated value and the true value.

A type of experimental design in which every level of one factor is tested in combination with every level of another factor. In general, in a factorial experiment, all possible combinations of factor levels are tested.

In statistical quality control, that portion of a number of units or the output of a process that is defective.

The geometric mean of a set of n positive data values is the nth root of the product of the data values; that is, g x i n i n = ( ) = / w 1 1 .

The harmonic mean of a set of data values is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data values; that is, h n x i n i = ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? 1 1 1 1 g .