Give the ground-state electron configurations and bond orders of (i) \(\mathrm{F}_{2}^{-}\), (ii) \(\mathbf{N}_{2}\), and (iii) \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{2-}\).
Text Transcription:
F_2^-
N_2
O_2^2-
11.13 Alpha Decay: o yx 42He 2++ y-x-2 o 42e = alpha particle Beta Particle: o yx 0-1 + yx+1 o 0 e = beta particle -1 Positron Emission: o yx 0+1e + yx-1 0 o +1 = positron Energy of a nuclear reaction o E= mc 2 o E = energy o M= mass lost o C= speed of light (3x10 m/sec) Small amount of mass equals a large amount of energy Fermi and serge were first to attain nuclear energy o Sustained nuclear fission chain reaction Nuclear fission: 1. Bombard nuclear with neutron 2. Atom splits into two smaller atoms a. Releases more neutrons 3. Neutrons collide with even more nuclei a. Causes a chain reaction Each reaction releases energy, the mass that is lost turns into that energy Manhattan Project: creating the nuclear bomb o How to sustain a nuclear fission reaction: Chicago Critical mass (4kg) Probability of neutron colliding with nuclei is very small; must increase the size of the pile to 4kg to improve the probability of collision o How to enrich Uranium-235: Oak ridge 99% non-fissionable U-238, 0.7% fissionable U-235 in natural Need 90% pure U-235 UF-6 is a gas at temp > 54 degrees C 235UF-6 i
