Parabolic motion An arrow is shot into the air and moves

Give an example in which one dimension of a geometric figure changes and produces a corresponding change in the area or volume of the figure.

Explain how implicit differentiation can simplify the work in a related-rates problem.

If two opposite sides of a rectangle increase in length, how must the other two opposite sides change if the area of the rectangle is to remain constant?

Explain why the term related rates describes the problems of this section. Basic Skills

Expanding square The sides of a square increase in length at a rate of 2 m>s. a. At what rate is the area of the square changing when the sides are 10 m long? b. At what rate is the area of the square changing when the sides are 20 m long? c. Draw a graph that shows how the rate of change of the area varies with the side length.

Shrinking square The sides of a square decrease in length at a rate of 1 m>s. a. At what rate is the area of the square changing when the sides are 5 m long? b. At what rate are the lengths of the diagonals of the square changing?

Expanding isosceles triangle The legs of an isosceles right triangle increase in length at a rate of 2 m>s. a. At what rate is the area of the triangle changing when the legs are 2 m long? b. At what rate is the area of the triangle changing when the hypotenuse is 1 m long? c. At what rate is the length of the hypotenuse changing?

Shrinking isosceles triangle The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle decreases in length at a rate of 4 m>s. a. At what rate is the area of the triangle changing when the legs are 5 m long? b. At what rate are the lengths of the legs of the triangle changing? c. At what rate is the area of the triangle changing when the area is 4 m2?

Expanding circle The area of a circle increases at a rate of 1 cm2>s. a. How fast is the radius changing when the radius is 2 cm? b. How fast is the radius changing when the circumference is 2 cm?

Expanding cube The edges of a cube increase at a rate of 2 cm>s. How fast is the volume changing when the length of each edge is 50 cm?

Shrinking circle A circle has an initial radius of 50 ft when the radius begins decreasing at a rate of 2 ft>min. What is the rate of change of the area at the instant the radius is 10 ft?

Shrinking cube The volume of a cube decreases at a rate of 0.5 ft3>min. What is the rate of change of the side length when the side lengths are 12 ft?

Balloons A spherical balloon is inflated and its volume increases at a rate of 15 in3>min. What is the rate of change of its radius when the radius is 10 in?

Piston compression A piston is seated at the top of a cylindrical chamber with radius 5 cm when it starts moving into the chamber at a constant speed of 3 cm>s (see figure). What is the rate of change of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is 2 cm from the base of the chamber?

Melting snowball A spherical snowball melts at a rate proportional to its surface area. Show that the rate of change of the radius is constant. (Hint: Surface area = 4pr2.)

Bug on a parabola A bug is moving along the right side of the parabola y = x2 at a rate such that its distance from the origin is increasing at 1 cm>min. At what rates are the x- and y-coordinates of the bug increasing when the bug is at the point (2, 4)?

Another bug on a parabola A bug is moving along the parabola y = x2. At what point on the parabola are the x- and y-coordinates changing at the same rate? (Source: Calculus, Tom M. Apostol, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967.)

Expanding rectangle A rectangle initially has dimensions 2 cm by 4 cm. All sides begin increasing in length at a rate of 1 cm>s. At what rate is the area of the rectangle increasing after 20 s?

Filling a pool A swimming pool is 50 m long and 20 m wide. Its depth decreases linearly along the length from 3 m to 1 m (see figure). It is initially empty and is filled at a rate of 1 m3>min. How fast is the water level rising 250 min after the filling begins? How long will it take to fill the pool? 50 m 20 m 3 m 1 m In_ow 1 m3/min

Altitude of a jet A jet ascends at a 10 angle from the horizontal with an airspeed of 550 mi>hr (its speed along its line of flight is 550 mi>hr). How fast is the altitude of the jet increasing? If the sun is directly overhead, how fast is the shadow of the jet moving on the ground?

Rate of dive of a submarine A surface ship is moving (horizontally) in a straight line at 10 km>hr. At the same time, an enemy submarine maintains a position directly below the ship while diving at an angle that is 20 below the horizontal. How fast is the submarines altitude decreasing?

Divergent paths Two boats leave a port at the same time; one travels west at 20 mi>hr and the other travels south at 15 mi>hr. At what rate is the distance between them changing 30 minutes after they leave the port?

Ladder against the wall A 13-foot ladder is leaning against a vertical wall (see figure) when Jack begins pulling the foot of the ladder away from the wall at a rate of 0.5 ft>s. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the foot of the ladder is 5 ft from the wall? 13 ft

Ladder against the wall again A 12-foot ladder is leaning against a vertical wall when Jack begins pulling the foot of the ladder away from the wall at a rate of 0.2 ft>s. What is the configuration of the ladder at the instant that the vertical speed of the top of the ladder equals the horizontal speed of the foot of the ladder?

Moving shadow A 5-foot-tall woman walks at 8 ft>s toward a streetlight that is 20 ft above the ground. What is the rate of change of the length of her shadow when she is 15 ft from the streetlight? At what rate is the tip of her shadow moving?

Baseball runners Runners stand at first and second base in a baseball game. At the moment a ball is hit, the runner at first base runs to second base at 18 ft>s; simultaneously, the runner on second runs to third base at 20 ft>s. How fast is the distance between the runners changing 1 second after the ball is hit (see figure)? (Hint: The distance between consecutive bases is 90 ft and the bases lie at the corners of a square.) Home plate 3rd base 2nd base 1st base 90 ft 90 ft

Growing sandpile Sand falls from an overhead bin and accumulates in a conical pile with a radius that is always three times its height. Suppose the height of the pile increases at a rate of 2 cm>s when the pile is 12 cm high. At what rate is the sand leaving the bin at that instant?

Draining a water heater A water heater that has the shape of a right cylindrical tank with a radius of 1 ft and a height of 4 ft is being drained. How fast is water draining out of the tank 1in ft3>min2 if the water level is dropping at 6 in>min?

Draining a tank An inverted conical water tank with a height of 12 ft and a radius of 6 ft is drained through a hole in the vertex at a rate of 2 ft3>s (see figure). What is the rate of change of the water depth when the water depth is 3 ft? (Hint: Use similar triangles.) 6 ft 12 ft Out_ow 2 ft3/s

Drinking a soda At what rate is soda being sucked out of a cylindrical glass that is 6 in tall and has a radius of 2 in? The depth of the soda decreases at a constant rate of 0.25 in>s.

Draining a cone Water is drained out of an inverted cone having the same dimensions as the cone depicted in Exercise 29. If the water level drops at 1 ft>min, at what rate is water 1in ft3>min2 draining from the tank when the water depth is 6 ft?

Filling a hemispherical tank A hemispherical tank with a radius of 10 m is filled from an inflow pipe at a rate of 3 m3>min (see figure). How fast is the water level rising when the water level is 5 m from the bottom of the tank? (Hint: The volume of a cap of thickness h sliced from a sphere of radius r is ph213r - h2>3.) 10 m In_ow 3 m3/min

Surface area of hemispherical tank For the situation described in Exercise 32, what is the rate of change of the area of the exposed surface of the water when the water is 5 m deep?

Observing a launch An observer stands 300 ft from the launch site of a hot-air balloon. The balloon is launched vertically and maintains a constant upward velocity of 20 ft>s. What is the rate of change of the angle of elevation of the balloon when it is 400 ft from the ground? The angle of elevation is the angle u between the observers line of sight to the balloon and the ground.

Another balloon story A hot-air balloon is 150 ft above the ground when a motorcycle (traveling in a straight line on a horizontal road) passes directly beneath it going 40 mi>hr 158.67 ft>s2. If the balloon rises vertically at a rate of 10 ft>s, what is the rate of change of the distance between the motorcycle and the balloon 10 seconds later?

Fishing story An angler hooks a trout and begins turning her circular reel at 1.5 rev>s. If the radius of the reel (and the fishing line on it) is 2 in, how fast is she reeling in her fishing line?

Another fishing story An angler hooks a trout and reels in his line at 4 in>s. Assume the tip of the fishing rod is 12 ft above the water and directly above the angler, and the fish is pulled horizontally directly toward the angler (see figure). Find the horizontal speed of the fish when it is 20 ft from the angler.

Flying a kite Once Kates kite reaches a height of 50 ft (above her hands), it rises no higher but drifts due east in a wind blowing 5 ft>s. How fast is the string running through Kates hands at the moment that she has released 120 ft of string?

Rope on a boat A rope passing through a capstan on a dock is attached to a boat offshore. The rope is pulled in at a constant rate of 3 ft>s, and the capstan is 5 ft vertically above the water. How fast is the boat traveling when it is 10 ft from the dock? Further Explorations

Parabolic motion An arrow is shot into the air and moves along the parabolic path y = x150 - x2 (see figure). The horizontal component of velocity is always 30 ft>s. What is the vertical component of velocity when (i) x = 10 and (ii) x = 40? 10 20 30 40 50 x 600 400 200 y 0 30 ft/s 30 ft/s

Time-lagged flights An airliner passes over an airport at noon traveling 500 mi>hr due west. At 1:00 p.m., another airliner passes over the same airport at the same elevation traveling due north at 550 mi>hr. Assuming both airliners maintain their (equal) elevations, how fast is the distance between them changing at 2:30 p.m.?

Disappearing triangle An equilateral triangle initially has sides of length 20 ft when each vertex moves toward the midpoint of the opposite side at a rate of 1.5 ft>min. Assuming the triangle remains equilateral, what is the rate of change of the area of the triangle at the instant the triangle disappears?

Clock hands The hands of the clock in the tower of the Houses of Parliament in London are approximately 3 m and 2.5 m in length. How fast is the distance between the tips of the hands changing at 9:00? (Hint: Use the Law of Cosines.)

Filling two pools Two cylindrical swimming pools are being filled simultaneously at the same rate (in m3>min; see figure). The smaller pool has a radius of 5 m, and the water level rises at a rate of 0.5 m>min. The larger pool has a radius of 8 m. How fast is the water level rising in the larger pool?

Filming a race A camera is set up at the starting line of a drag race 50 ft from a dragster at the starting line (camera 1 in the figure). Two seconds after the start of the race, the dragster has traveled 100 ft and the camera is turning at 0.75 rad>s while filming the dragster. a. What is the speed of the dragster at this point? b. A second camera (camera 2 in the figure) filming the dragster is located on the starting line 100 ft away from the dragster at the start of the race. How fast is this camera turning 2 seconds after the start of the race? 100 ft 50 ft Camera 2 Camera 1 Starting line Dragster

Two tanks A conical tank with an upper radius of 4 m and a height of 5 m drains into a cylindrical tank with a radius of 4 m and a height of 5 m (see figure). If the water level in the conical tank drops at a rate of 0.5 m>min, at what rate does the water level in the cylindrical tank rise when the water level in the conical tank is 3 m? 1 m? 4 m 5 m 4 m 5 m

Oblique tracking A port and a radar station are 2 mi apart on a straight shore running east and west (see figure). A ship leaves the port at noon traveling northeast at a rate of 15 mi>hr. If the ship maintains its speed and course, what is the rate of change of the tracking angle u between the shore and the line between the radar station and the ship at 12:30 p.m.? (Hint: Use the Law of Sines.)

Oblique tracking A ship leaves port traveling southwest at a rate of 12 mi>hr. At noon, the ship reaches its closest approach to a radar station, which is on the shore 1.5 mi from the port. If the ship maintains its speed and course, what is the rate of change of the tracking angle u between the radar station and the ship at 1:30 p.m. (see figure)? (Hint: Use the Law of Sines.) Southwest course 458 1.5 mi Radar station Port Point of closest approach to radar station N

Watching an elevator An observer is 20 m above the ground floor of a large hotel atrium looking at a glass-enclosed elevator shaft that is 20 m horizontally from the observer (see figure). The angle of elevation of the elevator is the angle that the observers line of sight makes with the horizontal (it may be positive or negative). Assuming that the elevator rises at a rate of 5 m>s, what is the rate of change of the angle of elevation when the elevator is 10 m above the ground? When the elevator is 40 m above the ground? 20 m Observer Elevator 20 m . 0 , 0

A lighthouse problem A lighthouse stands 500 m off a straight shore and the focused beam of its light revolves four times each minute. As shown in the figure, P is the point on shore closest to the lighthouse and Q is a point on the shore 200 m from P. What is the speed of the beam along the shore when it strikes the point Q? Describe how the speed of the beam along the shore varies with the distance between P and Q. Neglect the height of the lighthouse.

Navigation A boat leaves a port traveling due east at 12 mi>hr. At the same time, another boat leaves the same port traveling northeast at 15 mi>hr. The angle u of the line between the boats is measured relative to due north (see figure). What is the rate of change of this angle 30 min after the boats leave the port? 2 hr after the boats leave the port? 15 mi/h 12 mi/h Port N

Watching a Ferris wheel An observer stands 20 m from the bottom of a 10-m-tall Ferris wheel on a line that is perpendicular to the face of the Ferris wheel. The wheel revolves at a rate of p rad/min, and the observers line of sight with a specific seat on the wheel makes an angle u with the ground (see figure). Forty seconds after that seat leaves the lowest point on the wheel, what is the rate of change of u? Assume the observers eyes are level with the bottom of the wheel. 10 m 20 m rad/min y x

Viewing angle The bottom of a large theater screen is 3 ft above your eye level and the top of the screen is 10 ft above your eye level. Assume you walk away from the screen (perpendicular to the screen) at a rate of 3 ft>s while looking at the screen. What is the rate of change of the viewing angle u when you are 30 ft from the wall on which the screen hangs, assuming the floor is horizontal (see figure)?

Searchlightwide beam A revolving searchlight, which is 100 m from the nearest point on a straight highway, casts a horizontal beam along a highway (see figure). The beam leaves the spotlight at an angle of p>16 rad and revolves at a rate of p>6 rad>s. Let w be the width of the beam as it sweeps along the highway and u be the angle that the center of the beam makes with the perpendicular to the highway. What is the rate of change of w when u = p>3? Neglect the height of the searchlight. 100 m w _ is the angle between the center of the beam and the line perpendicular to the highway. _ 16 rad _

Draining a trough A trough in the shape of a half cylinder has length 5 m and radius 1 m. The trough is full of water when a valve is opened, and water flows out of the bottom of the trough at a rate of 1.5 m3>hr (see figure). (Hint: The area of a sector of a circle of a radius r subtended by an angle u is r2 u>2.) a. How fast is the water level changing when the water level is 0.5 m from the bottom of the trough? b. What is the rate of change of the surface area of the water when the water is 0.5 m deep? 5 m 1 m Out_ow 1.5 m3/h

Divergent paths Two boats leave a port at the same time, one traveling west at 20 mi>hr and the other traveling southwest at 15 mi>hr. At what rate is the distance between them changing 30 min after they leave the port?