Energy is generated in the Sun and other stars by fusion.

Chapter , Problem 51

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Energy is generated in the Sun and other stars by fusion. One of the fusion cycles, the protonproton cycle, consists of the following reactions: followed by (a) Show that the net effect of these reactions is (b) Show that is released during this cycle (not counting the additional energy of that is released when each positron meets an electron and the two annihilate). (c) The Sun radiates energy at the rate of approximately Assuming that this is due to the conversion of four protons into helium, rays, and neutrinos, which releases what is the rate of proton consumption in the Sun? How long will the Sun last if it continues to radiate at its present level? (Assume that protons constitute about half of the total mass, 2.0 _ 1030 kg, of the Sun.)

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