Putting It Together: Paternal Smoking It is well-documented that active maternal smoking

Chapter 3, Problem 17

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Putting It Together: Paternal Smoking It is well-documented that active maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower-birth-weight babies. Researchers Fernando D. Martinez and associates wanted to determine if there is a relationship between paternal smoking habits and birth weight. The researchers administered a questionnaire to each parent of newborn infants. One question asked whether the individual smoked regularly. Because the survey was administered within 15 days of birth, it was assumed that any regular smokers were also regular smokers during pregnancy. Birth weights for the babies (in grams) of nonsmoking mothers were obtained and divided into two groups, nonsmoking fathers and smoking fathers. The given data are representative of the data collected by the researchers. The researchers concluded that the birth weight of babies whose father smoked was less than the birth weight of babies whose father did not smoke. Source: The Effect of Paternal Smoking on the Birthweight of Newborns Whose Mothers Did Not Smoke, Fernando D. Martinez, Anne L. Wright, Lynn M. Taussig, American Journal of Public Health Vol. 84, No. 9 (a) Is this an observational study or a designed experiment?Why?(b) What is the explanatory variable? What is the responsevariable?(c) Can you think of any lurking variables that may affect theresults of the study?(d) In the article, the researchers stated that birthweights wereadjusted for possible confounders . . . . What does this mean? (e) Determine summary statistics (mean, median, standarddeviation, quartiles) for each group.(f) Interpret the first quartile for both the nonsmoker andsmoker group.(g) Draw a side-by-side boxplot of the data. Does the side-by-sideboxplot confirm the conclusions of the study?