Ruby lasers have chromium atoms doped in an aluminum oxide crystal. The energy level
Chapter 30, Problem 32(choose chapter or problem)
Ruby lasers have chromium atoms doped in an aluminum oxide crystal. The energy level diagram for chromium in a ruby is shown in Figure What wavelength is emitted by a ruby laser? Figure 30.64 Chromium atoms in an aluminum oxide crystal have these energy levels, one of which is metastable. This is the basis of a ruby laser. Visible light can pump the atom into an excited state above the metastable state to achieve a population inversion.
Unfortunately, we don't have that question answered yet. But you can get it answered in just 5 hours by Logging in or Becoming a subscriber.
Becoming a subscriber
Or look for another answer