Chemistry 7th Edition - Solutions by Chapter

Particles that are identical to helium-4 nuclei, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, symbol 4 2He or 4 2a. (Section 21.1)

Polymers that can be broken down by enzymes produced by soil microorganisms.

A compound containing a carboxyl, !COOH, group.

A reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with the release of heat and light, to produce a flame. (4.4)

Molecular orbitals that are not confined between two adjacent bonding atoms but actually extend over three or more atoms. (10.8)

An eliminationreaction in which the leaving group only leavesafter deprotonation occurs. This process occurs atthe end of an aldol condensation.

A reaction in which a nonspontaneous redox reaction is brought about by the passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. The devices in which electrolysis reactions occur are called electrolytic cells. (Section 20.9)

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties

An amorphous solid formed by fusion of SiO2, CaO, and Na2O. Other oxides may also be used to form glasses with differing characteristics. (Section 22.10)

The bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an !OR group

When orbitals of equal energy are available but there are not enough electrons to fi ll all of them completely, one electron is put in each before a second electron is added to any

A biomolecule isolated from plant or animal sources by extraction with nonpolar organic solvents, such as diethyl ether and hexane.

The very small, very dense, positively charged portion of an atom; it is composed of protons and neutrons. (Section 2.2)

A solution containing just one enantiomer, but not its mirror image.

Polymers made up of repeating urethane groups, also sometimes called carbamate groups (!N!CO2!).

A biopolymer formed from amino acids. (Section 24.7)

The reverse of an aldol reaction. A b-hydroxyketone or aldehyde is converted into two ketones or aldehydes.

A conformation of a conjugated diene in which the disposition of the two p bonds with regard to the connecting single bond is cis-like (a dihedral angle of 0°).

The addition of atoms or groups of atoms to the same face of a carbon-carbon double bond.

A reaction in which only one species is involved in the rate-determining step