Organic Chemistry 2nd Edition - Solutions by Chapter

A high-energy molecular orbital resulting from the destructive interference between atomic orbitals.

A unit of measure equivalent to 1 g divided by Avogadro’s number.

Energetic electrons emitted from the nucleus, symbol 0-1e or b-. (Section 21.1)

A substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change in the process. (Section 14.7)

A liquid crystal formed from flat, disc-shaped molecules that align through a stacking of the molecular discs. (Section 11.7)

A naturally occurring solid containing hydrocarbons of high molecular weight, as well as compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. (Section 5.8)

A molecule containing two amino acid units joined by a peptide bond

The bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an !OR group

When signal splitting occurs in 1H NMR spectroscopy, the distance (in hertz) between the individual peaks of a signal.

A cyclic ester.

Any molecule or ion that can form a new covalent bond by accepting a pair of electrons.

A biopolymer containing three types of monomer units: heterocyclic aromatic amine bases derived from purine and pyrimidine, the monosaccharides d-ribose or 2-deoxy-d-ribose, and phosphoric acid

A naturally occurring combustible liquid composed of hundreds of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. (Section 5.8)

Refers to two hydrogens bonded to a carbon atom. When a different atom replaces one or the other, the carbon becomes a chiral center. The hydrogens of the CH2 group of ethanol, for example, are prochiral. Replacing one of them by deuterium gives (R)-1-deuteroethanol; replacing the other gives (S)-1-deuteroethanol

The reverse of an aldol reaction. A b-hydroxyketone or aldehyde is converted into two ketones or aldehydes.

The clustering of solvent molecules around a solute particle. (Section 13.1)

Atomic orbitals that are achieved by mathematically averaging one s orbital with three p orbitals to form four hybridized atomic orbitals.

The strain that arises when nonbonded atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced closer to each other than their atomic (contact) radii would allow. Steric strain is also called non-bonded interaction strain, or van der Waals strain.

For mechanisms, astep that involves only one chemical entity.

Reduction of the C"O group of an aldehyde or ketone to a CH2 group using hydrazine and a base. Ylide (Section 16.6)