Organic Chemistry 2nd Edition - Solutions by Chapter

The electrode at which oxidation occurs. (18.2)

A conformation in which a hydrogen atom and a leaving group are separated by a dihedral angle of approximately 180°.

A substance that is an H+ acceptor; a base produces an excess of OH-1aq2 ions when it dissolves in water. (Section 4.3)

A copolymer in which the different homopolymer subunits are connected together in one chain.

A solution of (a) a weak acid or base and (b) its salt; both components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. (16.3)

A shift of an equilibrium induced by an ion common to the equilibrium. For example, added Na2SO4 decreases the solubility of the slightly soluble salt BaSO4, or added NaF decreases the percent ionization of HF. (Section 17.1)

Removal of !H and !X from adjacent carbons; a type of b-elimination

Bond breaking that results in the formation of ions.

A reaction in which a proton and a hydroxyl group (OH) are added across a p bond.

Experimental conditions under which the composition of the product mixture is determined by the relative rates of formation of each product.

An electronwithdrawing group that directs the regiochemistry of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction such that the incoming electrophile is installed at the meta position.

Elements that lie along the diagonal line separating the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table; the properties of metalloids are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. (Section 2.5)

A solid, inorganic substance occurring in nature, such as calcium carbonate, which occurs as calcite. (Section 23.1)

A compound in which one or more OH groups, and possibly additional oxygen atoms, are bonded to a central atom. (Section 16.10)

A graphic representation of the equilibria among the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. (Section 11.6)

A group derived by removing an H from benzene; abbreviated C6H5! or Ph!.

Polymers that are similar in structure to polyesters but with repeating carbonate groups (!O!CO2!) instead of repeating ester groups (!CO2!). polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A constant of proportionality between the reaction rate and the concentrations of reactants that appear in the rate law. (Section 14.3)

The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a precessing nucleus and the resulting “fl ip” of its nuclear spin from the lower energy state to the higher energy state.

A process that involves the removal of a carbon atom from an aldose. The aldehyde group is first converted to a cyanohydrin, followed by loss of HCN in the presence of a base.