Solutions for Chapter 11: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

The reflectivity of a substance, usually expressed as a percentage of the incident radiation reflected.

An instrument used to determine wind speed.

The theory that proposes that the universe originated as a single mass, which subsequently exploded.

Wastage of a glacier that occurs when large pieces of ice break off into water.

A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material.

A type of volcanism that results from the eruption of magmas derived from the partial melting of ice.

A roughly circular upfolded structure similar to an anticline.

A short-focal-length lens used to enlarge the image in a telescope. The lens nearest the eye.

The hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma during the later stages of crystallization. Such solutions may alter the surrounding country rock and are frequently the source of significant ore deposits.

A pair of structures extending into the ocean at the entrance to a harbor or river that are built for the purpose of protecting against storm waves and sediment deposition.

Rounded lumps of hydrogenous sediment scattered on the ocean floor, consisting mainly of manganese and iron and usually containing small amounts of copper, nickel, and cobalt.

A cold air mass that forms in a high-latitude source region. Polar easterlies In the global pattern of prevailing winds, winds that blow from the polar high toward the subpolar low. These winds, however, should not be thought of as persistent winds, such as the trade winds.

A resource that is virtually inexhaustible or that can be replenished over relatively short time spans.

A movement common to mass-wasting processes in which the material moving downslope remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.

Slow, downslope flow of water-saturated materials common to permafrost areas.

The layer of the atmosphere immediately above the troposphere, characterized by increasing temperatures with height, owing to the concentration of ozone.

By international agreement, a tropical cyclone with maximum winds between 61 and 119 kilometers (38 and 74 miles) per hour.

Fog created when air moves up a slope and cools adiabatically.

The daily upslope winds commonly encountered in a mountain valley.

A pyroclastic rock composed of particles that have been fused together by the combination of heat still contained in the deposit after it has come to rest and by the weight of overlying material.