BIOL 102: Anatomy and Physiology II

Explore the distinct approaches of bioremediation and biological augmentation in managing environmental issues. Learn how organisms are utilized for pollutant degradation or enhancing ecological functions to mitigate environmental degradation.

Explore the captivating Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, detailing the three key steps in the journey from non-life to life. Witness the emergence of organic molecules through non-biological processes, the formation of complex molecules, and the ultimate leap to self-replicating DNA. Join us on this scientific exploration of life's origins.

Explore the intricate components of the endomembrane system within a cell. Identify which structures belong to this system and which do not, with a specific focus on the unique role of the chloroplast.

Learn about the role of Erythropoietin (EPO), a natural kidney hormone, in controlling red blood cell production and oxygen transport. Discover how athletes misuse synthetic EPO for performance enhancement, despite the associated health risks.

In cell biology, the "driving ion" is a pivotal concept. It refers to ions moving from areas of high to low concentration, generating energy for various cellular transport processes. This gradient is crucial for nutrient uptake and waste elimination. Multiple processes involve a driving ion, including facilitated diffusion, symport transport, primary active transport pumps, and cotransport. Facilitated diffusion aids molecule movement along their gradient, while symport moves multiple substance

Nucleic acids, comprising DNA and RNA, are vital biomolecules encoding genetic information. We explore the structure and components of their monomers, nucleotides, emphasizing the role of nitrogenous bases and the significance of polynucleotide chains in storing genetic data.