CHEM 109: Organic Chemistry

Explore the protonation of amino acids, specifically valine and threonine, when subjected to a pH lower than their isoelectric points, highlighting the structural changes in their carboxyl and amino groups.

Explore the concept of the degree of unsaturation in hydrocarbons. Understand its importance in revealing double bonds, triple bonds, or rings. Learn through examples like limonene, squalene, and lycopene.

In this tutorial, we break down the principle of density, illustrating it as a measure of mass per unit volume. Using an osmium cube as a practical example, we walk viewers through the steps of computing its density, demonstrating the interplay between mass, volume, and particle arrangement.

Examine the nature of bonds in methylamine, ethane, fluoromethane, and methanol. Identify ethane's nonpolar covalent bond and understand why fluoromethane's bond leans toward the ionic spectrum. Grasp essential concepts in molecular bonding with this deep analysis.

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a critical process in cellular respiration and photosynthesis, involving the transfer of electrons and protons through a series of protein complexes and molecules to create an electrochemical gradient, ultimately producing ATP with molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Unravel electron configurations for transition metals including zinc copper zirconium and iron. Understand how atomic number influences electron arrangement based on the Pauli exclusion principle Hund's rule and the Aufbau principle. Decode the configurations of each metal with clarity.