The amount of energy required to spin-flip a nucleus depends both on the strength of the external magnetic field and on the nucleus. At a field strength of 4.7 T, rf energy of 200 MHz is required to bring a 1 H nucleus into resonance, but energy of only 187 MHz will bring a 19F nucleus into resonance. Calculate the amount of energy required to spin-flip a 19F nucleus. Is this amount greater or less than that required to spin-flip a 1 H nucleus?
Read moreTable of Contents
1
Structure and Bonding
1.10
Hybridization of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
1.12
Drawing Chemical Structures
1.7
sp3 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane
1.8
sp2 Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene
1.9
sp Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene
2
Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases
2.1
Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity
2.11
Acids and Bases: The Lewis Definition
2.12
Noncovalent Interactions Between Molecules
2.2
Polar Covalent Bonds: Dipole Moments
2.3
Formal Charges
2.6
Drawing Resonance Forms
2.7
Acids and Bases: The Brønsted–Lowry Definition
2.8
Acid and Base Strength
2.9
Predicting Acid–Base Reactions from pKa Values
3
Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry
3.1
Functional Groups
3.2
Alkanes and Alkane Isomers B
3.3
Alkyl Groups
3.4
Naming Alkanes
3.7
Conformations of Other Alkanes
4
Oraganic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry
4.1
Naming Cycloalkanes
4.2
Cis–Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
4.3
Stability of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain
4.4
Conformations of Cycloalkanes
4.6
Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane
4.7
Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
4.8
Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
4.9
Conformations of Polycyclic Molecules
5
Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers
5.11
Prochirality
5.2
The Reason for Handedness in Molecules: Chirality
5.3
Optical Activity
5.5
Sequence Rules for Specifying Configuration
5.6
Diastereomers
5.7
Meso Compounds
5.8
Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers
6
An Overview of Organic Reactions
6.1
Kinds of Organic Reactions O
6.3
Radical Reactions
6.4
Polar Reactions
6.5
An Example of a Polar Reaction: Addition of HBr to Ethylene
6.6
Using Curved Arrows in Polar Reaction Mechanisms
6.7
Describing a Reaction: Equilibria, Rates, and Energy Changes
6.9
Describing a Reaction: Energy Diagrams and Transition States
7
Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity
7.10
The Hammond Postulate
7.11
Evidence for the Mechanism of Electrophilic Additions: Carbocation Rearrangements
7.2
Calculating Degree of Unsaturation
7.3
Naming Alkenes
7.4
Cis–Trans Isomerism in Alkenes
7.5
Alkene Stereochemistry and the E,Z Designation
7.6
Stability of Alkenes
7.8
Orientation of Electrophilic Additions: Markovnikov’s Rule
7.9
Carbocation Structure and Stability
8
Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis
8.1
Preparing Alkenes: A Preview of Elimination Reactions
8.13
Reaction Stereochemistry: Addition of H2O to a Chiral Alkene
8.2
Halogenation of Alkenes: Addition of x2
8.3
Halohydrins from Alkenes: Addition of HOX
8.4
Hydration of Alkenes: Addition of H2O by Oxymercuration
8.5
Hydration of Alkenes: Addition of H2O by Hydroboration
8.6
Reduction of Alkenes: Hydrogenation
8.7
Oxidation of Alkenes: Epoxidation and Hydroxylation
8.8
Oxidation of Alkenes: Cleavage to Carbonyl Compounds
8.9
Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes: Cyclopropane Synthesis
9
Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
9.1
Naming Alkynes
9.3
Reactions of Alkynes: Addition of HX and X2
9.4
Hydration of Alkynes
9.5
Reduction of Alkynes
9.7
Alkyne Acidity: Formation of Acetylide Anions
9.8
Alkylation of Acetylide Anions
9.9
An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
10
Organohalides
10.1
Names and Properties of Alkyl Halides
10.2
Preparing Alkyl Halides from Alkanes: Radical Halogenation
10.4
Stability of the Allyl Radical: Resonance Revisited
10.5
Preparing Alkyl Halides from Alcohols
10.6
Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Grignard Reagents
10.7
Organometallic Coupling Reactions
10.8
Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry
11
Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations
11.1
The Discovery of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
11.12
A Summary of Reactivity: SN1, SN2, E1, E1cB, and E2
11.2
The SN2 Reaction
11.3
Characteristics of the SN2 Reaction
11.4
The SN1 Reaction
11.5
Characteristics of the SN1 Reaction
11.6
Biological Substitution Reactions
11.7
Elimination Reactions: Zaitsev’s Rule
11.8
The E2 Reaction and the Deuterium Isotope Effect
11.9
The E2 Reaction and Cyclohexane Conformation
12
Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
12.2
Interpreting Mass Spectra
12.3
Mass Spectrometry of Some Common Functional Groups
12.5
Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
12.7
Interpreting Infrared Spectra
12.8
Infrared Spectra of Some Common Functional Groups
13
Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
13.1
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy M
13.11
Spin–Spin Splitting in 1H NMR Spectra
13.12
More Complex Spin–Spin Splitting Patterns
13.13
Uses of 1H NMR Spectroscopy
13.2
The Nature of NMR Absorptions
13.3
Chemical Shifts
13.5
Characteristics of 13C NMR Spectroscopy
13.6
DEPT 13C NMR Spectroscopy
13.7
Uses of 13C NMR Spectroscopy
13.8
1H NMR Spectroscopy and Proton Equivalence
13.9
Chemical Shifts in 1H NMR Spectroscopy
14
Conjugated Compounds and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
14.1
Stability of Conjugated Dienes: Molecular Orbital Theory
14.2
Electrophilic Additions to Conjugated Dienes: Allylic Carbocations
14.3
Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control of Reactions
14.5
Characteristics of the Diels– Alder Reaction
14.6
Diene Polymers: Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
14.7
Structure Determination in Conjugated Systems: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
14.8
Interpreting Ultraviolet Spectra: The Effect of Conjugation
15
Benzene and Aromaticity
15.1
Sources and Names of Aromatic Compounds
15.2
Structure and Stability of Benzene
15.3
Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule
15.4
Aromatic Ions
15.5
Aromatic Heterocycles: Pyridine and Pyrrole
15.6
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
16.1
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Bromination
16.11
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Benzenes
16.2
Other Aromatic Substitutions
16.3
Alkylation and Acylation of Aromatic Rings: The Friedel–Crafts Reaction
16.4
Substituent Effects in Substituted Aromatic Rings
16.5
An Explanation of Substituent Effects
16.6
Trisubstituted Benzenes: Additivity of Effects
16.7
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
16.8
Benzyne
16.9
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds
17
Alcohols and Phenols
17.1
Naming Alcohols and Phenols
17.11
Spectroscopy of Alcohols and Phenols
17.2
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols
17.3
Preparation of Alcohols: A Review
17.4
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction
17.5
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction
17.6
Reactions of Alcohols
17.7
Oxidation of Alcohols
17.8
Protection of Alcohols
17.9
Phenols and Their Uses
18
Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides
18.1
Names and Properties of Ethers
18.2
Synthesis of Ethers
18.3
Reactions of Ethers: Acidic Cleavage
18.4
Reactions of Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement
18.5
Cyclic Ethers: Epoxides
18.6
Reactions of Epoxides: Ring-Opening
18.7
Crown Ethers
18.8
Thiols and Sulfides
19
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
19.1
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
19.11
Nucleophilic Addition of Phosphorus Ylides: The Wittig Reaction
19.12
Biological Reductions
19.13
Conjugate Nucleophilic Addition to a,b-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones
19.14
Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones
19.2
Preparing Aldehydes and Ketones
19.4
Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
19.5
Nucleophilic Addition of H2O: Hydration
19.6
Nucleophilic Addition of HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation
19.8
Nucleophilic Addition of Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation
19.9
Nucleophilic Addition of Hydrazine: The Wolff–Kishner Reaction
20
Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
20.1
Naming Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
20.2
Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids
20.3
Biological Acids and the Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
20.4
Substituent Effects on Acidity
20.5
Preparing Carboxylic Acids
20.6
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: An Overview
20.7
Chemistry of Nitriles
20.8
Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
21
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
21.1
Naming Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21.2
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
21.3
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
21.4
Chemistry of Acid Halides
21.5
Chemistry of Acid Anhydrides
21.6
Chemistry of Esters
21.7
Chemistry of Amides
21.8
Chemistry of Thioesters and Acyl Phosphates: Biological Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21.9
Polyamides and Polyesters: Step-Growth Polymers
22
Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions
22.1
Keto–Enol Tautomerism
22.3
Alpha Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
22.4
Alpha Bromination of Carboxylic Acids
22.5
Acidity of Alpha Hydrogen Atoms: Enolate Ion Formation
22.6
Reactivity of Enolate Ions
22.7
Alkylation of Enolate Ions
23
Carbonyl Condensation Reactions
23.1
Carbonyl Condensations: The Aldol Reaction
23.11
Carbonyl Condensations with Enamines: The Stork Reaction
23.12
The Robinson Annulation Reaction
23.3
Dehydration of Aldol Products: Synthesis of Enones
23.4
Using Aldol Reactions in Synthesis
23.5
Mixed Aldol Reactions
23.6
Intramolecular Aldol Reactions
23.7
The Claisen Condensation Reaction
23.8
Mixed Claisen Condensations
23.9
Intramolecular Claisen Condensations: The Dieckmann Cyclization
24
Amines and Heterocycles
24.1
Naming Amines
24.3
Basicity of Amines
24.4
Basicity of Arylamines
24.5
Biological Amines and the Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation
24.6
Synthesis of Amines
24.7
Reactions of Amines
24.8
Reactions of Arylamines
24.9
Heterocyclic Amines
25
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates
25.1
Classification of Carbohydrates
25.2
Depicting Carbohydrate Stereochemistry: Fischer Projections
25.3
d,l Sugars
25.4
Configurations of Aldoses
25.5
Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides: Anomers
25.6
Reactions of Monosaccharides
25.7
The Eight Essential Monosaccharides
25.8
Disaccharides
26
Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
26.1
Structures of Amino Acids
26.10
Enzymes and Coenzymes
26.2
Amino Acids and the Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation: Isoelectric Points
26.3
Synthesis of Amino Acids
26.4
Peptides and Proteins
26.5
Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides
26.6
Peptide Sequencing: The Edman Degradation
26.7
Peptide Synthesis
27
Biomolecules: Lipids
27.1
Waxes, Fats, and Oils
27.2
Soap
27.4
Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids
27.5
Terpenoids
27.6
Steroids
27.7
Biosynthesis of Steroids
28
Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids
28.1
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
28.2
Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson–Crick Model
28.4
Transcription of DNA
28.5
Translation of RNA: Protein Biosynthesis
28.7
DNA Synthesis
29
The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways
29.1
An Overview of Metabolism and Biochemical Energy
29.3
Catabolism of Triacylglycerols: b-Oxidation
29.4
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
29.5
Catabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis
29.6
Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
29.7
The Citric Acid Cycle
29.8
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis: Gluconeogenesis
29.9
Catabolism of Proteins: Deamination
30
Orbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic Reactions
30.1
Molecular Orbitals of Conjugated Pi Systems
30.3
Stereochemistry of Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions
30.4
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions
30.6
Stereochemistry of Cycloadditions
30.7
Sigmatropic Rearrangements
30.8
Some Examples of Sigmatropic Rearrangements
30.9
A Summary of Rules for Pericyclic Reactions
31
Synthetic Polymers
31.1
Chain-Growth Polymers
31.2
Stereochemistry of Polymerization: Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
31.3
Copolymers
31.4
Step-Growth Polymers
31.5
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization Perhaps the most important advance in polymer synthesis in recent years has
31.6
Polymer Structure and Physical Properties
Textbook Solutions for Organic Chemistry
Chapter 13.1 Problem 13.2
Question
Calculate the amount of energy required to spin-flip a proton in a spectrometer operating at 300 MHz. Does increasing the spectrometer frequency from 200 to 300 MHz increase or decrease the amount of energy necessary for resonance?
Solution
The first step in solving 13.1 problem number 2 trying to solve the problem we have to refer to the textbook question: Calculate the amount of energy required to spin-flip a proton in a spectrometer operating at 300 MHz. Does increasing the spectrometer frequency from 200 to 300 MHz increase or decrease the amount of energy necessary for resonance?
From the textbook chapter Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy M you will find a few key concepts needed to solve this.
Visible to paid subscribers only
Step 3 of 7)Visible to paid subscribers only
Subscribe to view the
full solution
full solution
Title
Organic Chemistry 8
Author
John E. McMurry
ISBN
9780840054449
Calculate the amount of energy required to spin-flip a proton in a spectrometer
Chapter 13.1 textbook questions
-
Chapter 13: Problem 13 Organic Chemistry 8
-
Chapter 13: Problem 13 Organic Chemistry 8
Calculate the amount of energy required to spin-flip a proton in a spectrometer operating at 300 MHz. Does increasing the spectrometer frequency from 200 to 300 MHz increase or decrease the amount of energy necessary for resonance?
Read more -
Chapter 13: Problem 13 Organic Chemistry 8
How many peaks would you expect in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 1,4-dimethylbenzene (paraxylene, or p-xylene)? What ratio of peak areas would you expect on integration of the spectrum? Refer to Table 13.3 for approximate chemical shifts, and sketch what the spectrum would look like. (Remember from Section 2.4 that aromatic rings have two resonance forms.) p-Xylene
Read more