Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals:
(a) \(p_{x}\),
(b) \(d_{z^{2}}\),
(c) \(d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}\).
Text Transcription:
p_x,
d_z2,
d_x2 - y2
Step 1 of 5) The bonding between manganese and oxygen is not always ionic. Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn2O7, is a green liquid that freezes at 5.9 °C, an indication that covalent rather than ionic bonding dominates. The change in the oxidation state of manganese is responsible for the change in bonding. In general, as the oxidation state of a metal increases, so does the degree of covalent bonding. When the oxidation state of the metal is highly positive (roughly speaking, +4 or larger), we can expect significant covalency in the bonds it forms with nonmetals. Thus, metals in high oxidation states form molecular substances, such as Mn2O7, or polyatomic ions, such as MnO4 - and CrO4 2 - , rather than ionic compounds. Sum the valence electrons from all atoms, taking into account overall charge. Use the periodic table to help you determine the number of valence electrons in each atom. For an anion, add one electron to the total for each negative charge. For a cation, subtract one electron from the total for each positive charge. Do not worry about keeping track of which electrons come from which atoms. Only the total number is important.
