Choose the BEST answer to the following.The equation that

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: The neutrons in an atom are normally found (a) inside the nucleus. (b) outside the nucleus. (c) Either of these. (d) Neither of these.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Spectral lines of the elements are (a) chaotic. (b) ordered. (c) positioned by amplitude. (d) in phase.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: The energy of an emitted photon is related to its (a) frequency. (b) polarization. (c) amplitude. (d) direction.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: The discrete orbits of electrons are best understood when modeled by (a) high-speed particles. (b) particles on springs. (c) waves. (d) photons.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: From quantum mechanics we learn that a radioactive nucleus is governed by (a) Newton’s laws. (b) probability. (c) certainty. (d) no laws at all.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Radioactivity has been around on Earth since the (a) middle of the 1900s. (b) Industrial Revolution. (c) advent of medical technology. (d) Earth formed.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Which of these can NOT be deflected by electrical or magnetic means? (a) Alpha rays (b) Beta rays (c) Gamma rays (d) All can

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Which type of radiation from cosmic sources predominates on the inside of high-flying commercial airplanes? (a) Alpha (b) Beta (c) Gamma (d) None of these

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When food is exposed to gamma radiation, the food (a) becomes slightly radioactive. (b) doesn’t become radioactive. (c) will spoil faster. (d) should be avoided.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: In the atomic nucleus, electrical forces tend to (a) hold particles together. (b) push particles apart. (c) produce orbital motion. (d) charge particles.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Most of the radiation in Earth’s biosphere is (a) natural background radiation. (b) the result of military activities. (c) from nuclear power plants. (d) in the form of cosmic rays

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Carbon-14 is primarily produced by cosmic radiation in the (a) atmosphere. (b) food we eat. (c) Earth’s interior. (d) fallout of nuclear bomb tests.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: A radioactive sample has a half-life of 1 hour. If we start with 1.000 gram of it at noon, how much remains at 3:00 pm? (a) 0.50 g (b) 0.25 g (c) 0.125 g (d) 0.0625 g

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When an element ejects an alpha particle, the mass number of the resulting element (a) reduces by 2. (b) reduces by 4. (c) increases by 2. (d) increases by 4.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When an element ejects an alpha particle, the atomic number of the resulting element (a) reduces by 2. (b) reduces by 4. (c) increases by 2. (d) increases by 4.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When an element ejects a beta particle, the atomic number of that element (a) reduces by 1. (b) increases by 1. (c) reduces by 2. (d) increases by 2.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: A certain element emits 1 alpha particle, and its products then emit 2 beta particles in succession. The atomic number of the resulting element is changed by (a) zero. (b) minus 1. (c) minus 2. (d) plus 1.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When a nucleus of uranium-238 emits an alpha particle, left behind is (a) thorium-242. (b) thorium-238. (c) thorium-234. (d) radium-214.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When small pieces of material are assembled into a larger piece, the combined surface area (a) greatly increases. (b) slightly increases. (c) decreases. (d) is unchanged.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Chain reactions in a fission reactor are caused by (a) kinetic energy. (b) energy conversion. (c) mass conversion. (d) ejected neutrons.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: A common nuclear fission reactor (a) heats water. (b) generates electricity directly. (c) gets energy from nothing. (d) is a major polluter of the atmosphere.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Compared with the mass of a uranium atom undergoing fission, the combined masses of the products after fission are (a) less. (b) more. (c) the same. (d) zero.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: When energy is released by the process of fusion, the total mass of the material after the event is (a) less. (b) the same. (c) more. (d) zero.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Which process would release energy from gold: fission or fusion? From carbon? (a) Gold: fission; carbon: fusion (b) Gold: fusion; carbon: fission (c) Gold: fission; carbon: fission (d) Gold: fusion; carbon: fusion

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: If an iron nucleus split in two, its fission fragments would have (a) less mass per nucleon. (b) more mass per nucleon. (c) the same mass per nucleon. (d) either more or less mass per nucleon.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: Which of these three elements has the most mass per nucleon? (a) Hydrogen (b) Iron (c) Uranium (d) Same in each

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: In both fission and fusion, energy is released while mass (a) decreases. (b) remains unchanged; is conserved. (c) increases. (d) may decrease or increase.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: In either a fission event or a fusion event, a quantity that remains unchanged is the (a) kinetic energy. (b) mass. (c) number of nucleons. (d) binding of nucleons.

Choose the BEST answer to each of the following: The equation that most underlies energy release in nuclear events is (a) E = hf. (b) \(E=1 / 2 m v^{2}\). (c) E = Fd. (d) \(E=m c^{2}\).