A quartz watch contains a crystal oscillator in the form

Suppose that you hear a clap of thunder 16.2 s after seeing the associated lightning stroke. The speed of sound waves in air is 343 m/s and the speed of light in air is 3.00  108 m/s. How far are you from the lightning stroke?

A dolphin located in sea water at a temperature of 25C emits a sound directed toward the bottom of the ocean 150 m below. How much time passes before it hears an echo?

A sound wave has a frequency of 700 Hz in air and a wavelength of 0.50 m. What is the temperature of the air?

The range of human hearing extends from approximately 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. Find the wavelengths of these extremes at a temperature of 27C.

A group of hikers hears an echo 3.00 s after shouting. If the temperature is 22.0C, how far away is the mountain that reected the sound wave?

A stone is dropped from rest into a well. The sound of the splash is heard exactly 2.00 s later. Find the depth of the well if the air temperature is 10.0C.

You are watching a pier being constructed on the far shore of a saltwater inlet when some blasting occurs. You hear the sound in the water 4.50 s before it reaches you through the air. How wide is the inlet? [Hint: See Table 14.1. Assume the air temperature is 20C.]

The speed of sound in a column of air is measured to be 356 m/s. What is the temperature of the air?

The toadsh makes use of resonance in a closed tube to produce very loud sounds. The tube is its swim bladder, used as an amplier. The sound level of this creature has been measured as high as 100 dB. (a) Calculate the intensity of the sound wave emitted. (b) What is the intensity level if three of these sh try to imitate three frogs by saying Budweiser at the same time.

The area of a typical eardrum is about 5.0  105 m2. Calculate the sound power (the energy per second) incident on an eardrum at (a) the threshold of hearing and (b) the threshold of pain.

There is evidence that elephants communicate via infrasound, generating rumbling vocalizations as low as 14 hz that can travel up to 10 km. The intensity level of these sounds can reach 103 dB, measured a distance of 5.0 m from the source. Determine the intensity level of the infrasound 10 km from the source, assuming the sound energy radiates uniformly in all directions.

Two sounds have measured intensities of I1  100 W/m2 and I2  200 W/m2. By how many decibels is the level of sound 1 lower than that of sound 2?

A noisy machine in a factory produces sound with a level of 80 dB. How many identical machines could you add to the factory without exceeding the 90-dB limit?

A family ice show is held at an enclosed arena. The skaters perform to music playing at a level of 80.0 dB. This intensity level is too loud for your baby, who yells at 75.0 dB. (a) What total sound intensity engulfs you? (b) What is the combined sound level?

Calculate the sound level in decibels of a sound wave that has an intensity of 4.00

An outside loudspeaker (considered a small source) emits sound waves with a power output of 100 W. (a) Find the intensity 10.0 m from the source. (b) Find the intensity level in decibels at that distance. (c) At what distance would you experience the sound at the threshold of pain, 120 dB?

A train sounds its horn as it approaches an intersection. The horn can just be heard at a level of 50 dB by an observer 10 km away. (a) What is the average power generated by the horn? (b) What intensity level of the horns sound is observed by someone waiting at an intersection 50 m from the train? Treat the horn as a point source and neglect any absorption of sound by the air.

A skyrocket explodes 100 m above the ground (Fig. P14.18). Three observers are spaced 100 m apart, with the rst (A) directly under the explosion. (a) What is the ratio of the sound intensity heard by observer A to that heard by observer B? (b) What is the ratio of the intensity heard by observer A to that heard by observer C?

Show that the difference in decibel levels 1 and 2 of a sound source is related to the ratio of its distances r1 and r2 from the receivers by the formula

An airplane traveling at half the speed of sound (v  172 m/s) emits a sound of frequency 5.00 kHz. At what frequency does a stationary listener hear the sound (a) as the plane approaches? (b) after it passes?

A commuter train passes a passenger platform at a constant speed of 40.0 m/s. The train horn is sounded at its characteristic frequency of 320 Hz. (a) What overall change in frequency is detected by a person on the platform as the train moves from approaching to receding? (b) What wavelength is detected by a person on the platform as the train approaches?

At rest, a cars horn sounds the note A (440 Hz). The horn is sounded while the car is moving down the street. A bicyclist moving in the same direction with one-third the cars speed hears a frequency of 415 Hz. What is the speed of the car? Is the cyclist ahead of or behind the car?

Two trains on separate tracks move towards one another. Train 1 has a speed of 130 km/h, train 2 a speed of 90.0 km/h. Train 2 blows its horn, emitting a frequency of 500 Hz. What is the frequency heard by the engineer on train 1?

A bat ying at 5.0 m/s emits a chirp at 40 kHz. If this sound pulse is reected by a wall, what is the frequency of the echo received by the bat?

An alert physics student stands beside the tracks as a train rolls slowly past. He notes that the frequency of the train whistle is 442 Hz when the train is approaching him and 441 Hz when the train is receding from him. Using these frequencies, he calculates the speed of the train. What value does he nd?

Expectant parents are thrilled to hear their unborn babys heartbeat, revealed by an ultrasonic motion detector. Suppose the fetuss ventricular wall moves in simple harmonic motion with amplitude 1.80 mm and frequency 115 per minute. (a) Find the maximum linear speed of the heart wall. Suppose the motion detector in contact with the mothers abdomen produces sound at precisely 2MHz, which travels through tissue at 1.50km/s. (b) Find the maximum frequency at which sound arrives at the wall of the babys heart. (c) Find the maximum frequency at which reected sound is received by the motion detector. (By electronically listening for echoes at a frequency different from the broadcast frequency, the motion detector can produce beeps of audible sound in synchrony with the fetal heartbeat.)

A tuning fork vibrating at 512 Hz falls from rest and accelerates at 9.80 m/s2. How far below the point of release is the tuning fork when waves of frequency 485 Hz reach the release point? Take the speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s.

A supersonic jet traveling at Mach 3 at an altitude of 20 000 m is directly overhead at time t  0, as in Figure P14.28. (a) How long will it be before the ground observer encounters the shock wave? (b) Where will the plane be when it is nally heard? (Assume an average value of 330 m/s for the speed of sound in air.)

The now-discontinued Concorde ew at Mach 1.5, which meant the speed of the plane was 1.5 times the speed of sound in air. What was the angle between the direction of propagation of the shock wave and the direction of the planes velocity?

The acoustical system shown in Figure 14.14 is driven by a speaker emitting a 400-Hz note. If destructive interference occurs at a particular instant, how much must the path length in the U-shaped tube be increased in order to hear (a) constructive interference and (b) destructive interference once again?

The ship in Figure P14.31 travels along a straight line parallel to the shore and 600 m from it. The ships radio receives simultaneous signals of the same frequency from antennas A and B. The signals interfere constructively at point C, which is equidistant from A and B. The signal goes through the rst minimum at point D. Determine the wavelength of the radio waves.

Two loudspeakers are placed above and below one another, as in Figure 14.15, and are driven by the same source at a frequency of 500 Hz. (a) What minimum distance should the top speaker be moved back in order to create destructive interference between the speakers? (b) If the top speaker is moved back twice the distance calculated in part (a), will there be constructive or destructive interference?

A pair of speakers separated by 0.700 m are driven by the same oscillator at a frequency of 690 Hz. An observer originally positioned at one of the speakers begins to walk along a line perpendicular to the line joining the speakers. (a) How far must the observer walk before reaching a relative maximum in intensity? (b) How far will the observer be from the speaker when the rst relative minimum is detected in the intensity?

A steel wire in a piano has a length of 0.700 0 m and a mass of 4.300  103 kg. To what tension must this wire be stretched in order that the fundamental vibration correspond to middle C (fC  261.6 Hz on the chromatic musical scale)?

A stretched string xed at each end has a mass of 40.0 g and a length of 8.00 m. The tension in the string is 49.0 N. (a) Determine the positions of the nodes and antinodes for the third harmonic. (b) What is the vibration frequency for this harmonic?

Resonance of sound waves can be produced within an aluminum rod by holding the rod at its midpoint and stroking it with an alcohol-saturated paper towel. In this resonance mode, the middle of the rod is a node while the ends are antinodes; no other nodes or antinodes are present. What is the frequency of the resonance if the rod is 1.00 m long?

Two speakers are driven by a common oscillator at 800 Hz and face each other at a distance of 1.25 m. Locate the points along a line joining the speakers where relative minima of the amplitude of the pressure would be expected. (Use v  343 m/s.)

Two pieces of steel wire with identical cross sections have lengths of L and 2L. The wires are each xed at both ends and stretched so that the tension in the longer wire is four times greater than in the shorter wire. If the fundamental frequency in the shorter wire is 60 Hz, what is the frequency of the second harmonic in the longer wire?

A 12-kg object hangs in equilibrium from a string of total length L  5.0 m and linear mass density   0.001 0 kg/m. The string is wrapped around two light, frictionless pulleys that are separated by the distance d  2.0 m (Fig. P14.39a). (a) Determine the tension in the string. (b) At what frequency must the string between the pulleys vibrate in order to form the standing-wave pattern shown in Figure P14.39b?

In the arrangement shown in Figure P14.40, an object of mass m  5.0 kg hangs from a cord around a light pulley. The length of the cord between point P and the pulley is L  2.0 m. (a) When the vibrator is set to a frequency of 150 Hz, a standing wave with six loops is formed. What must be the linear mass density of the cord? (b) How many loops (if any) will result if m is changed to 45 kg? (c) How many loops (if any) will result if m is changed to 10 kg?

A 60.00-cm guitar string under a tension of 50.000 N has a mass per unit length of 0.100 00 g/cm. What is the highest resonant frequency that can be heard by a person capable of hearing frequencies up to 20 000 Hz?

Standing-wave vibrations are set up in a crystal goblet with four nodes and four antinodes equally spaced around the 20.0-cm circumference of its rim. If transverse waves move around the glass at 900 m/s, an opera singer would have to produce a high harmonic with what frequency in order to shatter the glass with a resonant vibration?

The windpipe of a typical whooping crane is about 5.0 feet long. What is the lowest resonant frequency of this pipe, assuming that it is closed at one end? Assume a temperature of 37C.

The overall length of a piccolo is 32.0 cm. The resonating air column vibrates as in a pipe that is open at both ends. (a) Find the frequency of the lowest note a piccolo can play, assuming the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. (b) Opening holes in the side effectively shortens the length of the resonant column. If the highest note a piccolo can sound is 4 000 Hz, nd the distance between adjacent antinodes for this mode of vibration.

The human ear canal is about 2.8 cm long. If it is regarded as a tube that is open at one end and closed at the eardrum, what is the fundamental frequency around which we would expect hearing to be most sensitive? Take the speed of sound to be 340 m/s.

A shower stall measures 86.0 cm  86.0 cm  210 cm. When you sing in the shower, which frequencies will sound the richest (because of resonance)? Assume the stall acts as a pipe closed at both ends, with nodes at opposite sides. Assume also that the voices of various singers range from 130 Hz to 2 000 Hz. Let the speed of sound in the hot shower stall be 355 m/s.

A pipe open at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 300 Hz when the temperature is 0C. (a) What is the length of the pipe? (b) What is the fundamental frequency at a temperature of 30C?

A 2.00-m-long air column is open at both ends. The frequency of a certain harmonic is 410 Hz, and the frequency of the next-higher harmonic is 492 Hz. Determine the speed of sound in the air column.

Two identical mandolin strings under 200 N of tension are sounding tones with frequencies of 523 Hz. The peg of one string slips slightly, and the tension in it drops to 196 N. How many beats per second are heard?

The G string on a violin has a fundamental frequency of 196 Hz. It is 30.0 cm long and has a mass of 0.500 g. While this string is sounding, a nearby violinist effectively shortens the G string on her identical violin (by sliding her nger down the string) until a beat frequency of 2.00 Hz is heard between the two strings. When this occurs, what is the effective length of her string?

Two train whistles have identical frequencies of 180 Hz. When one train is at rest in the station, sounding its whistle, a beat frequency of 2 Hz is heard from a moving train.What two possible speeds and directions can the moving train have?

Two pipes of equal length are each open at one end. Each has a fundamental frequency of 480 Hz at 300 K. In one pipe, the air temperature is increased to 305 K. If the two pipes are sounded together, what beat frequency results?

A student holds a tuning fork oscillating at 256 Hz. He walks toward a wall at a constant speed of 1.33 m/s. (a) What beat frequency does he observe between the tuning fork and its echo? (b) How fast must he walk away from the wall to observe a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz?

If a human ear canal can be thought of as resembling an organ pipe, closed at one end, that resonates at a fundamental frequency of 3 000 Hz, what is the length of the canal? Use a normal body temperature of 37C for your determination of the speed of sound in the canal.

Some studies suggest that the upper frequency limit of hearing is determined by the diameter of the eardrum. The wavelength of the sound wave and the diameter of the eardrum are approximately equal at this upper limit. If the relationship holds exactly, what is the diameter of the eardrum of a person capable of hearing 20 000 Hz? (Assume a body temperature of 37C.)

A commuter train blows its horn as it passes a passenger platform at a constant speed of 40.0 m/s. The horn sounds at a frequency of 320 Hz when the train is at rest. What is the frequency observed by a person on the platform (a) as the train approaches and (b) as the train recedes from him? (c) What wavelength does the observer nd in each case?

A quartz watch contains a crystal oscillator in the form of a block of quartz that vibrates by contracting and expanding. Two opposite faces of the block, 7.05 mm apart, are antinodes, moving alternately towards and away from each other. The plane halfway between these two faces is a node of the vibration. The speed of sound in quartz is 3.70 km/s. Find the frequency of the vibration. An oscillating electric voltage accompanies the mechanical oscillation, so the quartz is described as piezoelectric. An electric circuit feeds in energy to maintain the oscillation and also counts the voltage pulses to keep time.

A owerpot is knocked off a balcony 20.0 m above the sidewalk and falls toward an unsuspecting 1.75-m-tall man who is standing below. How close to the sidewalk can the owerpot fall before it is too late for a warning shouted from the balcony to reach the man in time? Assume that the man below requires 0.300 s to respond to the warning.

On a workday, the average decibel level of a busy street is 70 dB, with 100 cars passing a given point every minute. If the number of cars is reduced to 25 every minute on a weekend, what is the decibel level of the street?

A variable-length air column is placed just below a vibrating wire that is xed at both ends. The length of the column, open at one end, is gradually increased from zero until the rst position of resonance is observed at L  34.0 cm. The wire is 120 cm long and is vibrating in its third harmonic. If the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, what is the speed of transverse waves in the wire?

A block with a speaker bolted to it is connected to a spring having spring constant k  20.0 N/m, as shown in Figure P14.61. The total mass of the block and speaker is 5.00 kg, and the amplitude of the units motion is 0.500 m. If the speaker emits sound waves of frequency 440 Hz, determine the lowest and highest frequencies heard by the person to the right of the speaker.

A ute is designed so that it plays a frequency of 261.6 Hz, middle C, when all the holes are covered and the temperature is 20.0C. (a) Consider the ute to be a pipe open at both ends, and nd its length, assuming that the middle-C frequency is the fundamental frequency. (b) A second player, nearby in a colder room, also attempts to play middle C on an identical ute. A beat frequency of 3.00 beats/s is heard. What is the temperature of the room?

When at rest, two trains have sirens that emit a frequency of 300 Hz. The trains travel toward one another and toward an observer stationed between them. One of the trains moves at 30.0 m/s, and the observer hears a beat frequency of 3.0 beats per second. What is the speed of the second train, which travels faster than 30.0 m/s?

Many artists sing very high notes in ad lib ornaments and cadenzas. The highest note written for a singer in a published score was F-sharp above high C, 1.480 kHz, sung by Zerbinetta in the original version of Richard Strausss opera Ariadne auf Naxos. (a) Find the wavelength of this sound in air. (b) In response to complaints, Strauss later transposed the note down to F above high C, 1.397 kHz. By what increment did the wavelength change?

A speaker at the front of a room and an identical speaker at the rear of the room are being driven at 456 Hz by the same sound source. A student walks at a uniform rate of 1.50 m/s away from one speaker and towards the other. How many beats does the student hear per second?

Two identical speakers separated by 10.0 m are driven by the same oscillator with a frequency of f  21.5 Hz (Fig. P14.66). Explain why a receiver at A records a minimum in sound intensity from the two speakers. (b) If the receiver is moved in the plane of the speakers, what path should it take so that the intensity remains at a minimum? That is, determine the relationship between x and y (the coordinates of the receiver) such that the receiver will record a minimum in sound intensity. Take the speed of sound to be 344 m/s.

By proper excitation, it is possible to produce both longitudinal and transverse waves in a long metal rod. In a particular case, the rod is 150 cm long and 0.200 cm in radius and has a mass of 50.9 g. Youngs modulus for the material is 6.80  1010 Pa. Determine the required tension in the rod so that the ratio of the speed of longitudinal waves to the speed of transverse waves is 8.

A student stands several meters in front of a smooth reecting wall, holding a board on which a wire is xed at each end. The wire, vibrating in its third harmonic, is 75.0 cm long, has a mass of 2.25 g, and is under a tension of 400 N. A second student, moving towards the wall, hears 8.30 beats per second. What is the speed of the student approaching the wall? Use 340 m/s as the speed of sound in air.

Two ships are moving along a line due east. The trailing vessel has a speed of 64.0 km/h relative to a land-based observation point, and the leading ship has a speed of 45.0 km/h relative to the same station. The trailing ship transmits a sonar signal at a frequency of 1 200 Hz. What frequency is monitored by the leading ship? (Use 1 520 m/s as the speed of sound in ocean water.)

The Doppler equation presented in the text is valid when the motion between the observer and the source occurs on a straight line, so that the source and observer are moving either directly toward or directly away from each other. If this restriction is relaxed, one must use the more general Doppler equation where  O and  S are dened in Figure P14.70a. (a) If both observer and source are moving away from each other along a straight line, show that the preceding equation yields the same result as Equation 14.12 in the text. (b) Use the preceding equation to solve the following problem: A train moves at a constant speed of 25.0 m/s toward the intersection shown in Figure P14.70b. A car is stopped near the intersection, 30.0 m from the tracks. If the trains horn emits a frequency of 500 Hz, what is the frequency heard by the passengers in the car when the train is 40.0 m to the left of the intersection? Take the speed of sound to be 343 m/s.

A rescue plane ies horizontally at a constant speed, searching for a disabled boat. When the plane is directly above the boat, the boats crew blows a loud horn. By the time the planes sound detector perceives the horns sound, the plane has traveled a distance equal to one-half its altitude above the ocean. If the sound takes 2.00 s to reach the plane, determine (a) the planes altitude and (b) its speed.

In order to determine her speed, a skydiver carries a tone generator. A friend on the ground at the landing site has equipment for receiving and analyzing sound waves. While the skydiver is falling at terminal speed, her tone generator emits a steady tone of 1.80 kHz. (Assume that the air is calm, that the speed of sound is 343 m/s, independent of altitude.) (a) If her friend on the ground (directly beneath the skydiver) receives waves of frequency 2.15 kHz, what is the skydivers speed of descent? (b) If the skydiver were also carrying sound-receiving equipment sensitive enough to detect waves reected from the ground, what frequency of waves would she receive?

Use an empty 1-liter soft-drink container, blow over the open end, and listen to the sound that is produced. Add some water to the container to change the height of the air column, and repeat the procedure. How does the frequency that you hear change with the height of the air column? If you want to investigate this phenomenon in more detail, construct a musical instrument made up of several soft-drink bottles with different amounts of water in each. You can play your instrument as a wind instrument by blowing over the mouths of the bottles.

Beats can easily be heard on a guitar. When a nger is placed at the fth fret of the second string, the note produced when the string is plucked should be identical to the note from the rst string when it is played without ngering. With your nger in position on the second string, pluck the two strings simultaneously. If one of the strings is slightly out of tune, a very pronounced beat frequency will be heard. What happens to the beat frequency as the string tension is changed in small increments from too low for the intended tuning to too high?

Attach a rope to a door and shake the other end to see how many of the standing-wave patterns in Figure 14.18 you can produce. When a pattern is formed, note that the amplitude of the ropes vibration is much larger than the movement of your hand.

Snip off the corners of one end of a paper straw so that the end tapers to a point, as shown in Figure A14.4. Chew on this end to atten it, and you have created a doublereed instrument. Put your lips around the tapered end of the straw, press them together slightly, and blow through the straw. When you hear a steady tone, slowly snip off a piece of the straw at the other end. Be careful to keep about the same amount of pressure with your lips. How does the frequency of the sound change as the straw becomes shorter? Why does this change occur? You may be able to produce more than one tone for any given length of the straw. Why?

Inate a balloon just enough to form a small sphere. Measure its diameter. Use a marker to color in a 1-cm square on its surface. Now continue inating the balloon until it reaches twice the original diameter. Measure the size of the square now. Note how the color of the marked area has changed. Use the information in Section 14.5 to explain these results.