Solved: Apollo astronauts took a nine iron to the Moon and

One car travels due east at 40 km/h, and a second car travels north at 40 km/h. Are their velocities equal? Explain.

Can you conclude that a car is not accelerating if its speedometer indicates a steady 60 km/h?

Can you give several examples of an objects motion in which a great distance is traveled but the displacement is zero?

Can the displacement vector for a particle moving in two dimensions ever be longer than the length of path traveled by the particle over the same time interval? Can it ever be less? Discuss.

During baseball practice, a batter hits a very high fly ball and then runs in a straight line and catches it. Which had the greater displacement, the player or the ball?

If V = Vi + V2, is V necessarily greater than V\ and/or V2 ? Discuss. 7. Two vectors

Two vectors have length V\ = 3.5 km and V2 = 4.0 km. What are the maximum and minimum magnitudes of their vector sum?

Can the magnitude of a vector ever (a) equal, or (b) be less than, one of its components?

Can a particle with constant speed be accelerating? What if it has constant velocity?

Can a particle with constant speed be accelerating? What if it has constant velocity?

Does the odometer of a car measure a scalar or a vector quantity? What about the speedometer?

A child wishes to determine the speed a slingshot imparts to a rock. How can this be done using only a meter stick, a rock, and the slingshot?

In archery, should the arrow be aimed directly at the target? How should your angle of aim depend on the distance to the target?

A projectile is launched at an upward angle of 30 to the horizontal with a speed of 30 m/s. How does the horizontal component of its velocity 1.0 s after launch compare with its horizontal component of velocity 2.0 s after launch, ignoring air resistance?

A projectile has the least speed at what point in its path?

It was reported in World War I that a pilot flying at an altitude of 2 km caught in his bare hands a bullet fired at the plane! Using the fact that a bullet slows down considerably due to air resistance, explain how this incident occurred.

Two cannonballs, A and B, are fired from the ground with identical initial speeds, but with 0A larger than 0B. (a) Which cannonball reaches a higher elevation? (b) Which stays longer in the air? (c) Which travels farther?

A person sitting in an enclosed train car, moving at constant velocity, throws a ball straight up into the air in her reference frame, (a) Where does the ball land? What is your answer if the car (b) accelerates, (c) decelerates, (d) rounds a curve, (e) moves with constant velocity but is open to the air?

If you are riding on a train that speeds past another train moving in the same direction on an adjacent track, it appears that the other train is moving backward. Why?

Two rowers, who can row at the same speed in still water, set off across a river at the same time. One heads straight across and is pulled downstream somewhat by the current. The other one heads upstream at an angle so as to arrive at a point opposite the starting point. Which rower reaches the opposite side first?

If you stand motionless under an umbrella in a rainstorm where the drops fall vertically you remain relatively dry. However, if you start running, the rain begins to hit your legs even if they remain under the umbrella. Why?

(II) (a) A skier is accelerating down a 30.0 hill at 1.80 m/s2 (Fig. 3-39). What is the vertical component of her acceleration? (b) How long will it take her to reach the bottom of the hill, assuming she starts from rest and accelerates uniformly, if the elevation change is 325 m?

(II) An ant walks on a piece of graph paper straight along the x axis a distance of 10.0 cm in 2.00 s. It then turns left 30.0 and walks in a straight line another 10.0 cm in 1.80 s. Finally, it turns another 70.0 to the left and walks another 10.0 cm in 1.55 s. Determine (a) the x and y components of the ants average velocity, and (b) its magnitude and direction.

(II) A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an initial velocity of 5.0 m/s along the positive x axis. If the acceleration is (3.0i + 4.5j)m/s2, determine the velocity and position of the particle at the moment it reaches its maximum x coordinate.

(II) Suppose the position of an object is given by r = (3.012\ 6.0 3j)m . (a) Determine its velocity v and acceleration a, as a function of time, (b) Determine r and v at time t = 2.5 s.

(II) An object, which is at the origin at time t 0, has initial velocity v0 = (14.0i - 7.0j)m/s and constant acceleration a = (6.0i + 3.0j)m/s2. Find the position r where the object comes to rest (momentarily).

II) A particles position as a function of time t is given by r = (5.01 + 6.011) m i + (7.0 - 3.03)m j. At t = 5.0 s, find the magnitude and direction of the particles displacement vector Ar relative to the point r0 = (O.Oi + 7.0j) m.

(I) A tiger leaps horizontally from a 7.5-m-high rock with a speed of 3.2 m/s. How far from the base of the rock will she land?

(I) A diver running 2.3 m /s dives out horizontally from the edge of a vertical cliff and 3.0 s later reaches the water below. How high was the cliff and how far from its base did the diver hit the water?

(II) Estimate how much farther a person can jump on the Moon as compared to the Earth if the takeoff speed and angle are the same. The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is one-sixth what it is on Earth.

(II) A fire hose held near the ground shoots water at a speed of 6.5 m/s. At what angle(s) should the nozzle point in order that the water land 2.5 m away (Fig. 3-40)? Why are there two different angles? Sketch the two trajectories.

(II) A ball is thrown horizontally from the roof of a building 9.0 m tall and la

(II) A football is kicked at ground level with a speed of 18.0 m/s at an angle of 38.0 to the horizontal. How much later does it hit the ground?

(II) A ball thrown horizontally at 23.7 m/s from the roof of a building lands 31.0 m from the base of the building. How high is the building?

(II) A shot-putter throws the shot (mass = 7.3 kg) with an initial speed of 14.4 m/s at a 34.0 angle to the horizontal. Calculate the horizontal distance traveled by the shot if it leaves the athletes hand at a height of 2.10 m above the ground.

(II) Show that the time required for a projectile to reach its highest point is equal to the time for it to return to its original height if air resistance is neglible.

(II) You buy a plastic dart gun, and being a clever physics student you decide to do a quick calculation to find its maximum horizontal range. You shoot the gun straight up, and it takes 4.0 s for the dart to land back at the barrel. What is the maximum horizontal range of your gun?

(II) A baseball is hit with a speed of 27.0 m/s at an angle of 45.0. It lands on the flat roof of a 13.0-m-tall nearby building. If the ball was hit when it was 1.0 m above the ground, what horizontal distance does it travel before it lands on the building?

(II) In Example 3-11 we chose the x axis to the right and y axis up. Redo this problem by defining the x axis to the left and y axis down, and show that the conclusion remains the samethe football lands on the ground 40.5 m to the right of where it departed the punters foot.

(II) A grasshopper hops down a level road. On each hop, the grasshopper launches itself at angle 60 = 45 and achieves a range R = 1.0 m. What is the average horizontal speed of the grasshopper as it progresses down the road? Assume that the time spent on the ground between hops is negligible.

(II) Extreme-sports enthusiasts have been known to jump off the top of El Capitan, a sheer granite cliff of height 910 m in Yosemite National Park. Assume a jumper runs horizontally off the top of El Capitan with speed 5.0 m/s and enjoys a freefall until she is 150 m above the valley floor, at which time she opens her parachute (Fig. 3-41). (a) How long is the jumper in freefall? Ignore air resistance. (b) It is important to be as far away from the cliff as possible before opening the parachute. How far from the cliff is this jumper when she opens her chute?

(II) Here is something to try at a sporting event. Show that the maximum height h attained by an object projected into the air, such as a baseball, football, or soccer ball, is approximately given by h ~ 1.212 m, Assume that the object returns to the same level as that from which it was launched, as in Fig. 3-42. For example, if you count to find that a baseball was in the air for t = 5.0 s, the maximum height attained was h = 1.2 X (5.0)2 = 30 m. The beauty of this relation is that h can be determined without knowledge of the launch speed vq or launch angle 0O.

(II) The pilot of an airplane traveling 170 km/h wants to drop supplies to flood victims isolated on a patch of land 150 m below. The supplies should be dropped how many seconds before the plane is directly overhead?

(II) (a) A long jumper leaves the ground at 45 above the horizontal and lands 8.0 m away. What is her takeoff speed vq ? (b) Now she is out on a hike and comes to the left bank of a river. There is no bridge and the right bank is 10.0 m away horizontally and 2.5 m, vertically below. If she long jumps from the edge of the left bank at 45 with the speed calculated in (a), how long, or short, of the opposite bank will she land (Fig. 3-43)?

(II) A high diver leaves the end of a 5.0-m-high diving board and strikes the water 1.3 s later, 3.0 m beyond the end of the board. Considering the diver as a particle, determine {a) her initial velocity, v0; (b) the maximum height reached; and (c) the velocity Vf with which she enters the water.

(II) A projectile is shot from the edge of a cliff 115 m above ground level with an initial speed of 65.0 m/s at an angle of 35.0 with the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 3-44. (a) Determine the time taken by the projectile to hit point P at ground level. (b) Determine the distance X of point P from the base of the vertical cliff. At the instant just before the projectile hits point P, find (c) the horizontal and the vertical components of its velocity, (d) the magnitude of the velocity, and (e) the angle made by the velocity vector with the horizontal. (/) Find the maximum height above the cliff top reached by the projectile.

(II) Suppose the kick in Example 3-7 is attempted 36.0 m from the goalposts, whose crossbar is 3.00 m above the ground. If the football is directed perfectly between the goalposts, will it pass over the bar and be a field goal? Show why or why not. If not, from what horizontal distance must this kick be made if it is to score?

II) Exactly 3.0 s after a projectile is fired into the air from the ground, it is observed to have a velocity v = (8.6i + 4.8j) m/s, where the x axis is horizontal and the y axis is positive upward. Determine {a) the horizontal range of the projectile, (b) its maximum height above the ground, and (c) its speed and angle of motion just before it strikes the ground.

(II) Revisit Example 3-9, and assume that the boy with the slingshot is below the boy in the tree (Fig. 3-45) and so aims upward, directly at the boy in the tree. Show that again the boy in the tree makes the wrong move by letting go at the moment the water balloon is shot.

(II) A stunt driver wants to make his car jump over 8 cars parked side by side below a horizontal ramp (Fig. 3-46). (a) With what minimum speed must he drive off the horizontal ramp? The vertical height of the ramp is 1.5 m above the cars and the horizontal distance he must clear is 22 m. (b) If the ramp is now tilted upward, so that takeoff angle is 7.0 above the horizontal, what is the new minimum speed?

(II) A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff with initial speed v0 (at t = 0). At any moment, its direction of motion makes an angle 6 to the horizontal (Fig. 3-47). Derive a formula for 6 as a function of time, t, as the ball follows a projectiles path.

(II) At what projection angle will the range of a projectile equal its maximum height?

(II) A projectile is fired with an initial speed of 46.6 m/s at an angle of 42.2 above the horizontal on a long flat firing range. Determine (a) the maximum height reached by the projectile, (b) the total time in the air, (c) the total horizontal distance covered (that is, the range), and (d) the velocity of the projectile 1.50 s after firing.

(II) An athlete executing a long jump leaves the ground at a 27.0 angle and lands 7.80 m away, (a) What was the takeoff speed? (b) If this speed were increased by just 5.0%, how much longer would the jump be?

(Ill) A person stands at the base of a hill that is a straight incline making an angle <f> with the horizontal (Fig. 3-48). For a given initial speed vQ, at what angle 0 (to the horizontal) should objects be thrown so that the distance d they land up the hill is as large as possible?

(Ill) Derive a formula for the horizontal range R, of a projectile when it lands at a height h above its initial point. (For h < 0, it lands a distance h below the starting point.) Assume it is projected at an angle 0O with initial speed v0.

(I) A person going for a morning jog on the deck of a cruise ship is running toward the bow (front) of the ship at 2.0 m/s while the ship is moving ahead at 8.5 m/s. What is the velocity of the jogger relative to the water? Later, the jogger is moving toward the stern (rear) of the ship. What is the joggers velocity relative to the water now?

(I) Huck Finn walks at a speed of 0.70 m/s across his raft (that is, he walks perpendicular to the rafts motion relative to the shore). The raft is traveling down the Mississippi River at a speed of 1.50 m/s relative to the river bank (Fig. 3-49). What is Hucks velocity (speed and direction) relative to the river bank?

(II) Determine the speed of the boat with respect to the shore in Example 3-14.

(II) Two planes approach each other head-on. Each has a speed of 780 km/h, and they spot each other when they are initially 12.0 km apart. How much time do the pilots have to take evasive action?

(II) A child, who is 45 m from the bank of a river, is being carried helplessly downstream by the rivers swift current of 1.0 m/s. As the child passes a lifeguard on the rivers bank, the lifeguard starts swimming in a straight line until she reaches the child at a point downstream (Fig. 3-50). If the lifeguard can swim at a speed of 2.0 m/s relative to the water, how long does it take her to reach the child? How far downstream does the lifeguard intercept the child?

(II) A passenger on a boat moving at 1.70 m/s on a still lake walks up a flight of stairs at a speed of 0.60 m/s, Fig. 3-51. The stairs are angled at 45 pointing in the direction of motion as shown. Write the vector velocity of the passenger relative to the water.

(II) A person in the passenger basket of a hot-air balloon throws a ball horizontally outward from the basket with speed 10.0 m/s (Fig. 3-52). What initial velocity (magnitude and direction) does the ball have relative to a person standing on the ground (a) if the hot-air balloon is rising at 5.0 m/s relative to the ground during this throw, (b) if the hot-air balloon is descending at 5.0 m/s relative to the ground.

(II) An airplane is heading due south at a speed of 580 km/h. If a wind begins blowing from the southwest at a speed of 90.0 km/h (average), calculate (a) the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the plane, relative to the ground, and (b) how far from its intended position it will be after 11.0 min if the pilot takes no corrective action. [Hint. First draw a diagram.]

(II) In what direction should the pilot aim the plane in Problem 64 so that it will fly due south?

(II) Two cars approach a street corner at right angles to each other (see Fig. 3-35). Car 1 travels at 35 km/h and car 2 at 45 km/h. What is the relative velocity of car 1 as seen by car 2? What is the velocity of car 2 relative to car 1?

(II) A swimmer is capable of swimming 0.60 m/s in still water, (a) If she aims her body directly across a 55-m-wide river whose current is 0.50 m/s, how far downstream (from a point opposite her starting point) will she land? (b) How long will it take her to reach the other side?

(II) (a) At what upstream angle must the swimmer in Problem 67 aim, if she is to arrive at a point directly across the stream? (b) How long will it take her?

(II) A motorboat whose speed in still water is 3.40 m/s must aim upstream at an angle of 19.5 (with respect to a line perpendicular to the shore) in order to travel directly across the stream. (a) What is the speed of the current? (b) What is the resultant speed of the boat with respect to the shore? (See Fig. 3-31.)

(II) A boat, whose speed in still water is 2.70 m/s, must cross a 280-m-wide river and arrive at a point 120 m upstream from where it starts (Fig. 3-53). To do so, the pilot must head the boat at a 45.0 upstream angle. What is the speed of the rivers current?

(Ill) An airplane, whose air speed is 580 km/h, is supposed to fly in a straight path 38.0 N of E. But a steady 72 km/h wind is blowing from the north. In what direction should the plane head?

Two vectors, Vi and V2, add to a resultant V = Vi + V2. Describe % and V2 if (a) V = V1 + V2, (b) V 2 = V? + V (c) Vi + V2 = Vi - V2.

A plumber steps out of his truck, walks 66 m east and 35 m south, and then takes an elevator 12 m into the subbasement of a building where a bad leak is occurring. What is the displacement of the plumber relative to his truck? Give your answer in components; also give the magnitude and angles, with respect to the x axis, in the vertical and horizontal plane. Assume x is east, y is north, and z is up.

On mountainous downhill roads, escape routes are sometimes placed to the side of the road for trucks whose brakes might fail. Assuming a constant upward slope of 26, calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the acceleration of a truck that slowed from 110 km/h to rest in 7.0 s. See Fig. 3-54.

A light plane is headed due south with a speed relative to still air of 185 km/h. After 1.00 h, the pilot notices that they have covered only 135 km and their direction is not south but southeast (45.0). What is the wind velocity?

An Olympic long jumper is capable of jumping 8.0 m. Assuming his horizontal speed is 9.1 m/s as he leaves the ground, how long is he in the air and how high does he go? Assume that he lands standing uprightthat is, the same way he left the ground.

Romeo is chucking pebbles gently up to Juliets window, and he wants the pebbles to hit the window with only a horizontal component of velocity. He is standing at the edge of a rose garden 8.0 m below her window and 9.0 m from the base of the wall (Fig. 3-55). How fast are the pebbles going when they hit her window?

Raindrops make an angle 6 with the vertical when viewed through a moving train window (Fig. 3-56). If the speed of the train is vT, what is the speed of the raindrops in the reference frame * of the Earth in which they are assumed to fall vertically?

Apollo astronauts took a nine iron to the Moon and hit a golf ball about 180 m. Assuming that the swing, launch angle, and so on, were the same as on Earth where the same astronaut could hit it only 32 m, estimate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon. (We neglect air resistance in both cases, but on the Moon there is none.)

A hunter aims directly at a target (on the same level) 68.0 m away, (a) If the bullet leaves the gun at a speed of 175 m/s, by how much will it miss the target? (b) At what angle should the gun be aimed so the target will be hit?

The cliff divers of Acapulco push off horizontally from rock platforms about 35 m above the water, but they must clear rocky outcrops at water level that extend out into the water 5.0 m from the base of the cliff directly under their launch point. See Fig. 3-57. What minimum pushoff speed is necessary to clear the rocks? How long are they in the air?

When Babe Ruth hit a homer over the 8.0-m-high rightfield fence 98 m from home plate, roughly what was the minimum speed of the ball when it left the bat? Assume the ball was hit 1.0 m above the ground and its path initially made a 36 angle with the ground.

The speed of a boat in still water is v. The boat is to make a round trip in a river whose current travels at speed u. Derive a formula for the time needed to make a round trip of total distance D if the boat makes the round trip by moving (a) upstream and back downstream, and (b) directly across the river and back. We must assume u < v; why?

At serve, a tennis player aims to hit the ball horizontally. What minimum speed is required for the ball to clear the 0.90-m-high net about 15.0 m from the server if the ball is launched from a height of 2.50 m? Where will the ball land if it just clears the net (and will it be good in the sense that it lands within 7.0 m of the net)? How long will it be in the air? See Fig. 3-58.

Spymaster Chris, flying a constant 208 km/h horizontally in a low-flying helicopter, wants to drop secret documents into her contacts open car which is traveling 156 km/h on a level highway 78.0 m below. At what angle (with the horizontal) should the car be in her sights when the packet is released (Fig. 3-59)?

A basketball leaves a players hands at a height of 2.10 m above the floor. The basket is 3.05 m above the floor. The player likes to shoot the ball at a 38.0 angle. If the shot is made from a horizontal distance of 11.00 m and must be accurate to + 0.22 m (horizontally), what is the range of initial speeds allowed to make the basket?

A particle has a velocity of v = (2.0i + 3.5j)m/s. The particle starts at r = (l.5i 3.1j)m at t = 0. Give the position and acceleration as a function of time. What is the shape of the resulting path?

A projectile is launched from ground level to the top of a cliff which is 195 m away and 135 m high (see Fig. 3-60). If the projectile lands on top of the cliff 6.6 s after it is fired, find the initial velocity of the projectile (magnitude and direction). Neglect air resistance.

In hot pursuit, Agent Logan of the FBI must get directly across a 1200-m-wide river in minimum time. The rivers current is 0.80 m/s, he can row a boat at 1.60 m/s, and he can run 3.00 m/s. Describe the path he should take (rowing plus running along the shore) for the minimum crossing time, and determine the minimum time.

A boat can travel 2.20 m/s in still water, (a) If the boat points its prow directly across a stream whose current is 1.30 m/s, what is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the boat relative to the shore? (b) What will be the position of the boat, relative to its point of origin, after 3.00 s?

A boat is traveling where there is a current of 0.20 m/s east (Fig. 3-61). To avoid some offshore rocks, the boat must clear a buoy that is NNE (22.5) and 3.0 km away. The boats speed through still water is 2.1 m/s. If the boat wants to pass the buoy 0.15 km on its right, at what angle should the boat head?

A child runs down a 12 hill and then suddenly jumps upward at a 15 angle above horizontal and lands 1.4 m down the hill as measured along the hill. What was the childs initial speed?

A basketball is shot from an initial height of 2.4 m (Fig. 3-62) with an initial speed = 12 m/s directed at an angle 0O = 35 above the horizontal, (a) How far from the basket was the player if he made a basket? (b) At what angle to the horizontal did the ball enter the basket?

You are driving south on a highway at 25 m/s (approximately 55 mi/h) in a snowstorm. When you last stopped, you noticed that the snow was coming down vertically, but it is passing the windows of the moving car at an angle of 37 to the horizontal. Estimate the speed of the snowflakes relative to the car and relative to the ground.

A rock is kicked horizontally at 15 m/s from a hill with a 45 slope (Fig. 3-63). How long does it take for the rock to hit the ground?

A batter hits a fly ball which leaves the bat 0.90 m above the ground at an angle of 61 with an initial speed of 28 m/s heading toward centerfield. Ignore air resistance, (a) How far from home plate would the ball land if not caught? (b) The ball is caught by the centerfielder who, starting at a distance of 105 m from home plate, runs straight toward home plate at a constant speed and makes the catch at ground level. Find his speed.

At t = 0 a batter hits a baseball with an initial speed of 28 m/s at a 55 angle to the horizontal. An outfielder is 85 m from the batter at t = 0 and, as seen from home plate, the line of sight to the outfielder makes a horizontal angle of 22 with the plane in which the ball moves (see Fig. 3-64). What speed and direction must the fielder take to catch the ball at the same height from which it was struck? Give the angle with respect to the outfielders line of sight to home plate.

(II) Students shoot a plastic ball horizontally from a projectile launcher. They measure the distance x the ball travels horizontally, the distance y the ball falls vertically, and the total time t the ball is in the air for six different heights of the projectile launcher. Here is their data. (a) Determine the best-fit straight line that represents x as a function of t. What is the initial speed of the ball obtained from the best-fit straight line? (b) Determine the best-fit quadratic equation that represents y as a function of t. What is the acceleration of the ball in the vertical direction?

(Ill) A shot-putter throws from a height h = 2.1 m above the ground as shown in Fig. 3-65, with an initial speed of d0 = 13.5 m/s. (a) Derive a relation that describes how the distance traveled d depends on the release angle 0O. (;b) Using the given values for v0 and h, use a graphing calculator or computer to plot d vs. 0O. According to your plot, what value for 0O maximizes d?