Answer: an X Ray X rays are a very penetrating form of

Problem 2P Problem Averaged over day, night, seasons, and weather conditions, a square meter of the earth’s surface receives an average of 240 W of radiant energy from the sun. The average power radiated back to space is A. Less than 240 W. B. More than 240 W. C. Approximately 240 W?.

Problem 1P Problem The intensity of sunlight at the top of the earth’s atmosphere is approximately Mars is about 1.5 times as far from the sun as the earth. What is the approximate intensity of sunlight at the top of Mars’s atmosphere?

Problem 5P Problem Electromagnetic waves in certain wavelength ranges interact with water molecules because the molecules have a large electric dipole moment. The electric field of the wave A. Exerts a net force on the water molecules. B. Exerts a net torque on the water molecules. C. Exerts a net force and a net torque on the water molecules.

Problem 3P Problem The thermal radiation from the earth’s surface peaks at a wavelength of approximately 10 ?m. If the surface of the earth warms, this peak will A. Shift to a longer wavelength. B. Stay the same. C. Shift to a shorter wavelength.

Problem 4P Problem The thermal radiation from the earth’s surface peaks at a wavelength of approximately 10 ?m. What is the energy of a photon at this wavelength? A. 2.4 eV B. 1.2 eV C. 0.24 Ev D. 0.12 eV

Problem 6P Problem Taking an X Ray X rays are a very penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation. X rays pass through the soft tissue of the body but are largely stopped by bones and other more dense tissues. This makes x rays very useful for medical and dental purposes, as you know. A schematic view of an x-ray tube and a driver circuit is given in Figure VI.1. A filament warms the cathode, freeing electrons. These electrons are accelerated by the electric field established by a high-voltage power supply connected between the cathode and a metal target. The electrons accelerate in the direction of the target. The rapid deceleration when they strike the target generates x rays. Each electron will emit one or more x rays as it comes to rest. An x-ray image is essentially a shadow; x rays darken the film where they pass, but the film stays unexposed, and thus light, where bones or dense tissues block x rays. An x-ray technician adjusts the quality of an image by adjusting the energy and the intensity of the x-ray beam. This is done by adjusting two parameters: the accelerating voltage and the current through the tube. The accelerating voltage determines the energy of the x-ray photons, which can’t be greater than the energy of the electrons. The current through the tube determines the number of electrons per second and thus the number of photons emitted. In clinical practice, the exposure is characterized by two values: “kVp” and “mAs.” kVp is the peak voltage in kV. The value mAs is the product of the current (in mA) and the time (in s) to give a reading in mA . s. This is a measure of the total number of electrons that hit the target and thus the number of x rays emitted. Typical values for a dental x ray are a kVp of 70 (meaning a peak voltage of 70 kV) and mAs of 7.5 (which comes from a current of 10 mA for 0.75 s, for a total of 7.5 mAs). Assume these values in all of the problems that follow. In Figure VI.1, what is the direction of the electric field in the region between the cathode and the target electrode? A. To the left B. To the right C. Toward the top of the page D. Toward the bottom of the page

Problem 7P Problem Taking an X Ray X rays are a very penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation. X rays pass through the soft tissue of the body but are largely stopped by bones and other more dense tissues. This makes x rays very useful for medical and dental purposes, as you know. A schematic view of an x-ray tube and a driver circuit is given in Figure VI.1. A filament warms the cathode, freeing electrons. These electrons are accelerated by the electric field established by a high-voltage power supply connected between the cathode and a metal target. The electrons accelerate in the direction of the target. The rapid deceleration when they strike the target generates x rays. Each electron will emit one or more x rays as it comes to rest. An x-ray image is essentially a shadow; x rays darken the film where they pass, but the film stays unexposed, and thus light, where bones or dense tissues block x rays. An x-ray technician adjusts the quality of an image by adjusting the energy and the intensity of the x-ray beam. This is done by adjusting two parameters: the accelerating voltage and the current through the tube. The accelerating voltage determines the energy of the x-ray photons, which can’t be greater than the energy of the electrons. The current through the tube determines the number of electrons per second and thus the number of photons emitted. In clinical practice, the exposure is characterized by two values: “kVp” and “mAs.” kVp is the peak voltage in kV. The value mAs is the product of the current (in mA) and the time (in s) to give a reading in mA . s. This is a measure of the total number of electrons that hit the target and thus the number of x rays emitted. Typical values for a dental x ray are a kVp of 70 (meaning a peak voltage of 70 kV) and mAs of 7.5 (which comes from a current of 10 mA for 0.75 s, for a total of 7.5 mAs). Assume these values in all of the problems that follow. If the distance between the cathode and the target electrode is approximately 1.0 cm, what will be the maximum acceleration of the free electrons? Assume that the electric field is uniform.

Problem 8P Problem Taking an X Ray X rays are a very penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation. X rays pass through the soft tissue of the body but are largely stopped by bones and other more dense tissues. This makes x rays very useful for medical and dental purposes, as you know. A schematic view of an x-ray tube and a driver circuit is given in Figure VI.1. A filament warms the cathode, freeing electrons. These electrons are accelerated by the electric field established by a high-voltage power supply connected between the cathode and a metal target. The electrons accelerate in the direction of the target. The rapid deceleration when they strike the target generates x rays. Each electron will emit one or more x rays as it comes to rest. An x-ray image is essentially a shadow; x rays darken the film where they pass, but the film stays unexposed, and thus light, where bones or dense tissues block x rays. An x-ray technician adjusts the quality of an image by adjusting the energy and the intensity of the x-ray beam. This is done by adjusting two parameters: the accelerating voltage and the current through the tube. The accelerating voltage determines the energy of the x-ray photons, which can’t be greater than the energy of the electrons. The current through the tube determines the number of electrons per second and thus the number of photons emitted. In clinical practice, the exposure is characterized by two values: “kVp” and “mAs.” kVp is the peak voltage in kV. The value mAs is the product of the current (in mA) and the time (in s) to give a reading in mA . s. This is a measure of the total number of electrons that hit the target and thus the number of x rays emitted. Typical values for a dental x ray are a kVp of 70 (meaning a peak voltage of 70 kV) and mAs of 7.5 (which comes from a current of 10 mA for 0.75 s, for a total of 7.5 mAs). Assume these values in all of the problems that follow. What, physically, does the product of a current (in mA) and a time (in s) represent? A. Energy in mJ B. Potential difference in mV C. Charge in mC D. Resistance in m?