(a) What conditions are necessary for a particle and its

How are baryons and mesons similar? How are they different?

The muon and the pion have nearly the same masses. How do the particles differ?

How can you tell whether a decay proceeds by the strong interaction or the weak interaction?

True or false: (a) All baryons are hadrons. (b) All hadrons are baryons.

True or false: All mesons are spin- particles.

A particle that is made of exactly two quarks is (a) a meson, (b) a baryon, (c) a lepton, (d) either a meson or a baryon, but definitely not a lepton.

Have any quarkantiquark combinations whose electric charge is not an integer multiplied by the fundamental charge been observed?

True or false: (a) A lepton is a combination of three quarks. (b) The typical times for decays by the weak interaction are orders of magnitude longer than the typical times for decays by the strong interaction. (c) The muon and the pion are both mesons.

True or false: (a) Electrons interact with protons by the strong interaction. (b) Strangeness is not conserved in reactions involving the weak interactions. (c) Neutrons have zero charm.

Grand unification theories predict that the proton has a long but finite lifetime. Current experiments based on detecting the decay of protons in water infer that this lifetime is at least years. Assume years is, in fact, the mean lifetime of the proton. Estimate the expected time between proton decays that occur in the water of a filled Olympic-size swimming pool. An Olympic-size swimming pool is Give your answer in days.

Table 41-6 lists some properties of the four fundamental interactions. To better understand the significance of this table, confirm the ratio of the numerical entries in the second and fourth column of the last row of the table by estimating the ratio of the electromagnetic force to the gravitational force between two protons of a nucleus.

Two pions at rest annihilate according to the reaction (a) Why must the energies of the two rays be equal? (b) Find the energy of each ray. (c) Find the wavelength of each ray.

Find the minimum energy of the photon needed for the following pair-production reactions: (a) (b) g S p _ p_, and (c) g S m_ _ m_.

State which of the following decays or reactions violate one or more of the conservation laws, and give the law or laws violated in each case: (a) (b) (c) (d) and (e)

Determine the change in strangeness in each reaction that follows, and state whether the each decay can proceed by the strong interaction, by the weak interaction, or not at all: (a) (b) and (c)

Determine the change in strangeness for each decay, and state whether each decay can proceed by the strong interaction, by the weak interaction, or not at all: (a) and (b)

Determine the change in strangeness for each decay, and state whether each decay can proceed by the strong interaction, by the weak interaction, or not at all: (a) and (b)

(a) Which of the following decays of the particle is possible? (b) Explain why the other decay is not possible. (c) Calculate the kinetic energy of the decay products for the decay that is possible.

Using Table 41-2 and the laws of conservation of charge number, baryon number, strangeness, and spin, identify the unknown particle, symbolized by (?), in each of the following reactions: (a) (b) and (c)

Test the following decays for violation of the conservation of energy, electric charge, baryon number, and lepton number: (a) and (b) Assume that linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. State which conservation laws (if any) are violated in each decay.

Find the baryon number, charge, and strangeness for the following quark combinations and identify the hadron: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) and ( f )

Find the baryon number, charge, and strangeness for the following quark combinations: (a) \(u \bar{d}\) (b) \(\bar{u} d\) (c) \(u \bar{s}\) and (d) \(\bar{u} s\)

The particle is a baryon that decays by the strong interaction. Its strangeness, charm, topness, and bottomness are all zero. What combination of quarks gives a particle that has those properties?

Find a possible combination of quarks that gives the correct values for electric charge, baryon number, and strangeness for (a) and (b)

The meson has zero strangeness, but it has charm of (a) What is a possible quark combination that will give the correct properties for the particle? (b) Repeat Part (a) for the meson, which is the antiparticle of the meson.

Find a possible combination of quarks that gives the correct values for electric charge, baryon number, and strangeness for (a) K_ (the K_ is the antiparticle of the K_) and (b) K0.

Find a possible quark combination for the following particles: (a) \(\Lambda^{0}\) (b) \(p^-\) (c) \(\Sigma^-\)

Find a possible quark combination for the following particles: (a) \(\bar{n}\), (b) \(\Xi^0\), and (c) \(\Sigma^{+}\).

Find a possible quark combination for the following particles: (a) and (b)

State the properties of the particles made up of the following quarks: (a) ddd, (b) \(u \bar c\), (c) \(u \bar b\), and (d) \(\overline{sss}\).

A galaxy is receding from Earth at 2.5 percent the speed of light. Estimate the distance from Earth to the galaxy.

Estimate the speed of a galaxy that is away from us.

The Doppler frequency shift for a light from a source that is receding from a stationary receiver is given by where (Equation 39-16b). Show that the Doppler wavelength shift for light is

The red line in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen is frequently referred to as the line, and it has a wavelength of Using Hubbles law and the Doppler equation for light from Problem 33, determine the wavelength of the line in the spectrum emitted from galaxies at distances of (a) (b) and (c) from Earth.

(a) What conditions are necessary for a particle and its antiparticle to be identical? (b) Find the quark combination of both the particle and the antiparticle of both the and the particles. (c) Of the and the particles, which, if any, is its own antiparticle?

The red line in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen is frequently referred to as the line, and it has a wavelength of Light from a distant galaxy shows a redshift of the line of hydrogen to a wavelength of (a) What is the recessional velocity of the galaxy? (b) Estimate the distance to the galaxy.

(a) In terms of the quark model, show that the reaction does not violate any conservation laws. (b) Which conservation law is violated by the reaction

Test the following decays for violation of the conservation of energy, electric charge, baryon number, and lepton number: (a) (b) and (c) Assume that linear momentum and angular momentum are conserved. State which conservation laws (if any) are violated in each decay.

Consider the following high-energy particle reaction: where (?) represents an unknown particle. During this reaction, stationary protons are bombarded with a beam of high-energy protons. (a) Use the laws of conservation of charge number, baryon number, strangeness (Table 41-2), and spin to determine the unknown particle. (b) Calculate the value for the reaction. (c) The threshold kinetic energy for this reaction is given by where and are the masses of the reaction products. Find Kth.

In this problem, you will calculate the difference in the time of arrival of two neutrinos of different energy from a supernova that is light-years away. Let the energies of the neutrinos be and and assume that the mass of a neutrino is Because the total energies of the neutrinos is so much greater than their rest energies, the neutrinos have speeds that are very nearly equal to and energies that are approximately (a) If and are the times that the neutrinos with speeds and take to travel a distance show that (b) The speed of a neutrino of mass and total energy can be found from (Equation 39-24). Show that when the speed ratio is given approximately by (c) Use the results from Part (a) and Part (b) to calculate for the energies and mass given, and calculate from the result from Part (a)for (d) Repeat the calculation in Part (c) using 20 eV>c2 for the neutrino mass.

A at rest decays by the reaction (a) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the decay products. (b) Find the ratio of the kinetic energy of the pion to the kinetic energy of the proton. (c) Find the kinetic energies of the proton and the pion for the decay.

A particle at rest decays by the reaction (a) What is the total energy (total energy includes rest energy) of the decay products? (b) Assuming that the kinetic energy of the is negligible compared with the energy of the photon, calculate the approximate momentum of the photon. (c) Use your result from Part (b) to calculate the kinetic energy of the (d) Use your result from Part (c) to obtain a better estimate of the momentum and the energy of the photon.