Light travels at a speed of 2.201 108 m/s in a certain

A light ray strikes an air/water surface at an angle of 46 with respect to the normal. The refractive index for water is 1.33. Find the angle of refraction when the direction of the ray is (a) from air to water and (b) from water to air.

A searchlight on a yacht is being used at night to illuminate a sunken chest, as in Figure 26.3. At what angle of incidence 1 should the light be aimed?

A swimmer is treading water (with her head above the water) at the surface of a pool 3.00 m deep. She sees a coin on the bottom directly below. How deep does the coin appear to be?

A swimmer is under water and looking up at the surface. Someone holds a coin in the air, directly above the swimmers eyes. To the swimmer, the coin appears to be at a certain height above the water. Is the apparent height of the coin (a) greater than, (b) less than, or (c) the same as its actual height?

Two slabs with parallel faces are made from different types of glass. A ray of light travels through air and enters each slab at the same angle of incidence, as the drawing shows. Which slab has the greater index of refraction?

The drawing shows three layers of liquids, A, B, and C, each with a different index of refraction. Light begins in liquid A, passes into B, and eventually into C, as the ray of light in the drawing shows. The dashed lines denote the normals to the interfaces between the layers. Which liquid has the smallest index of refraction?

Light traveling through air is incident on a flat piece of glass at a 35 angle of incidence and enters the glass at an angle of refraction glass. Suppose that a layer of water is added on top of the glass. Then the light travels through air and is incident on the water at the 35 angle of incidence. Does the light enter the glass at the same angle of refraction glass as it did when the water was not present?

Two identical containers, one filled with water (n 1.33) and the other with benzene (n 1.50) are viewed from directly above. Which container (if either) appears to have a greater depth of fluid? 5

When an observer peers over the edge of a deep, empty, metal bowl on a kitchen table, he does not see the entire bottom surface. Therefore, a small object lying on the bottom is hidden from view, but the object can be seen when the bowl is filled with liquid A. When the bowl is filled with liquid B, however, the object remains hidden from view. Which liquid has the greater index of refraction?

A man is fishing from a dock, using a bow and arrow. To strike a fish that he sees beneath the water, should he aim (a) somewhat above the fish, (b) directly at the fish, or (c) somewhat below the fish?

A man is fishing from a dock. He is using a laser gun that emits an intense beam of light. To strike a fish that he sees beneath the water, should he aim (a) somewhat above the fish, (b) directly at the fish, or (c) somewhat below the fish?

Two rays of light converge to a point on a screen. A thick plate of glass with parallel surfaces is placed in the path of this converging light, with the parallel surfaces parallel to the screen. Will the point of convergence (a) move away from the glass plate, (b) move toward the glass plate, or (c) remain on the screen?

A beam of light is propagating through diamond (n1 2.42) and strikes a diamondair interface at an angle of incidence of 28. (a) Will part of the beam enter the air (n2 1.00) or will the beam be totally reflected at the interface? (b) Repeat part (a), assuming that the diamond is surrounded by water (n2 1.33) instead of air. R

A diamond gemstone is famous for its sparkle in air because the light coming from it glitters as the diamond is moved about. The sparkle is related to the total internal reflection of light that occurs within the diamond. What happens to the sparkle when the diamond is placed under water? (a) Nothing happens, for the water has no effect on total internal reflection. (b) The water reduces the sparkle markedly by making the total internal reflection less likely to occur.

Figure 26.13 shows an optical fiber that consists of a core made of flint glass (nflint 1.667) surrounded by a cladding made of crown glass (ncrown 1.523). A ray of light in air enters the fiber at an angle 1 with respect to the normal. What is 1 if this light also strikes the corecladding interface at an angle that just barely exceeds the critical angle? Reas

The drawing shows a 306090 prism and two light rays, A and B, that both strike the prism perpendicularly. The prism is surrounded by an unknown liquid, which is the same in both parts of the drawing. When ray A reaches the hypotenuse in the drawing, it is totally internally reflected. Which one of the following statements applies to ray B when it reaches the hypotenuse? (a) It may or may not be totally internally reflected, depending on what the surrounding liquid is. (b) It is not totally internally reflected, no matter what the surrounding liquid is. (c) It is totally internally reflected, no matter what the surrounding liquid is. A

A shallow swimming pool has a constant depth. A point source of light is located in the middle of the bottom of this pool and emits light in all directions. However, no light exits the surface of the water except through a relatively small circular area that is centered on and directly above the light source. Why does the light exit the water through such a limited area?

Refer to Figure 26.6. Note that the ray within the glass slab is traveling from a medium with a larger refractive index toward a medium with a smaller refractive index. Is it possible, for 1 less than 90, that the ray within the glass will experience total internal reflection at the glassair interface? 90

You are sitting by the shore of a lake on a sunny and windless day. When are your Polaroid sunglasses most effective in reducing the glare of the sunlight reflected from the lake surface? When the angle of incidence of the sunlight on the lake is ______. (a) almost 90 because the sun is low in the sky (b) 0 because the sun is directly overhead (c) somewhere between 90 and 0 The

In Figure 26.18a the glass prism is surrounded by air and bends the ray of light downward. It is also possible for the prism to bend the ray upward, as in Figure 26.19a, or to not bend the ray at all, as in part b of the drawing. How can the situations illustrated in Figure 26.19 arise?

Two blocks, made from the same transparent material, are immersed in different liquids. A ray of light strikes each block at the same angle of incidence. From the drawing, determine which liquid, A or B, has the greater index of refraction.

A beam of violet-colored light is propagating in crown glass. When the light reaches the boundary between the glass and the surrounding air, the beam is totally reflected back into the glass. What happens if the light is red and has the same angle of incidence 1 at the glassair interface as does the violet-colored light? (a) Depending on the value for 1, red light may not be totally reflected, and some of it may be refracted into the air. (b) No matter what the value for 1, the red light behaves exactly the same as the violet-colored light. (Hint: Refer to Table 26.2 and review Section 26.3.) 2

A beacon in a lighthouse is to produce a parallel beam of light. The beacon consists of a light source and a converging lens. Should the light source be placed (a) between the focal point and the lens, (b) at the focal point of the lens, or (c) beyond the focal point? (Hint: Refer to Section 25.5 and review the principle of reversibility.)

Review Conceptual Example 8 as an aid in answering this question. Is it possible for a lens to behave as a converging lens when surrounded by air but to behave as a diverging lens when surrounded by another medium?

A converging lens is used to produce a real image, as in Figure 26.27a. A piece of black tape is then placed over the upper half of the lens. Which one of the following statements is true concerning the image that results with the tape in place? (a) The image is of the entire object, although its brightness is reduced since fewer rays produce it. (b) The image is of the objects lower half only, but its brightness is not reduced. (c) The image is of the objects upper half only, but its brightness is not reduced.

A person 1.70 m tall is standing 2.50 m in front of a digital camera. The camera uses a converging lens whose focal length is 0.0500 m. (a) Find the image distance (the distance between the lens and the image sensor) and determine whether the image is real or virtual. (b) Find the magnification and the height of the image on the image sensor.

An object is placed 7.10 cm to the left of a diverging lens whose focal length is f 5.08 cm (a diverging lens has a negative focal length). (a) Find the image distance and determine whether the image is real or virtual. (b) Obtain the magnification.

A spherical mirror and a lens are immersed in water. Compared to the way they work in air, which one do you expect will be more affected by the water?

An object is located at a distance do in front of a lens. The lens has a focal length f and produces an upright image that is twice as tall as the object. What kind of lens is it, and what is the object distance? Express your answer as a fraction or multiple of the focal length.

In an old movie a photographic film negative is introduced as evidence in a trial. The negative shows an image of a house that no longer exists. The verdict depends on knowing exactly how far above the ground a window ledge was (the object height ho). The distance between the ground and the ledge on the negative (the image height hi ) can be measured. What additional information is needed to calculate ho? (a) Nothing else is needed. (b) Just the object distance do , which is the distance between the house and the camera lens. (c) Just the focal length f of the lens. (d) Both do and f are needed.

The objective and eyepiece of the compound microscope in Figure 26.32 are both converging lenses and have focal lengths of fo 15.0 mm and fe 25.5 mm. A distance of 61.0 mm separates the lenses. The microscope is being used to examine an object placed do1 24.1 mm in front of the objective. Find the final image distance. R

A nearsighted person has a far point located only 521 cm from the eye. Assuming that eyeglasses are to be worn 2 cm in front of the eye, find the focal length needed for the diverging lenses of the glasses so the person can see distant objects.

A farsighted person has a near point located 210 cm from the eyes. Obtain the focal length of the converging lenses in a pair of contacts that can be used to read a book held 25.0 cm from the eyes.

Two people who wear glasses are camping. One is nearsighted, and the other is farsighted. Whose glasses may be useful in starting a fire by concentrating the suns rays into a small region at the focal point of the lens used in the glasses?

Suppose that a person with a near point of 26 cm is standing in front of a plane mirror. How close can he stand to the mirror and still see himself in focus?

To a swimmer under water, objects look blurred. However, goggles that keep the water away from the eyes allow the swimmer to see objects in sharp focus. Why?

When glasses use diverging lenses to correct for nearsightedness or converging lenses to correct for farsightedness, the eyes of the person wearing the glasses lie between the lenses and their focal points. When you look at the eyes of this person, they do not appear to have their normal size. Which one of the following describes what you see? (a) The converging lenses make the eyes appear smaller, and the diverging lenses make the eyes appear larger. (b) The converging lenses make the eyes appear larger, and the diverging lenses make the eyes appear smaller. (c) Both types of lenses make the eyes appear larger. (d) Both types of lenses make the eyes appear smaller.

Compare the angular size of a penny (diameter ho 1.9 cm) held at arms length (do 71 cm) with the angular size of the moon (diameter ho 3.5 106 m, and do 3.9 108 m). Reasoni

A jeweler, whose near point is 40.0 cm from his eye and whose far point is at infinity, is using a small magnifying glass (called a loupe) to examine a diamond. The lens of the magnifying glass has a focal length of 5.00 cm, and the image of the gem is 185 cm from the lens. The image distance is negative because the image is virtual and is formed on the same side of the lens as the object. (a) Determine the angular magnification of the magnifying glass. (b) Where should the image be located so the jewelers eye is fully relaxed and has the least strain? What is the angular magnification under this least strain condition?

A bird-watcher sees the following three raptors in the air at the distances indicated: a kestrel (wing span 0.58 m at a distance of 21 m), a bald eagle (wing span 2.29 m at a distance of 95 m), and a red-tailed hawk (wing span 1.27 m at a distance of 41 m). Rank the raptors in descending order (largest first) according to the angular size seen by the bird-watcher. 26

Who benefits more from using a magnifying glass, a person whose near point is located at a distance away from the eyes of (a) 75 cm or (b) 25 cm?

A person who has a near point of 25.0 cm is looking with unaided eyes at an object that is located at the near point. The object has an angular size of 0.012 rad. Then, holding a magnifying glass ( f 10.0 cm) next to her eye, she views the image of this object, the image being located at her near point. What is the angular size of the image?

The focal length of the objective of a compound microscope is fo 0.40 cm, and the focal length of the eyepiece is fe 3.0 cm. The two lenses are separated by a distance of L 20.0 cm. A person with a near point distance of N 25 cm is using the microscope. (a) Determine the angular magnification of the microscope. (b) Compare the answer in part (a) with the largest angular magnification obtainable by using the eyepiece alone as a magnifying glass. Re

A telescope similar to that in Figure 26.42 has the following specifications: fo 985 mm and fe 5.00 mm. From these data, find (a) the angular magnification and (b) the approximate length of this telescope.

In the construction of a telescope, one of two lenses is to be used as the objective and one as the eyepiece. The focal lengths of the lenses are (a) 3 cm and (b) 45 cm. Which lens should be used as the objective?

Two refracting telescopes have identical eyepieces, although one telescope is twice as long as the other. Which telescope has the greater angular magnification?

A well-designed optical instrument is composed of two converging lenses separated by 14 cm. The focal lengths of the lenses are 0.60 and 4.5 cm. Is the instrument a microscope or a telescope

It is often thought that virtual images are somehow less important than real images. To show that this is not true, identify which of the following instruments normally produce final images that are virtual: (a) a projector, (b) a camera, (c) a magnifying glass, (d) eyeglasses, (e) a compound microscope, and (f) an astronomical telescope.

Why does chromatic aberration occur in lenses but not in mirrors?

A ray of light is incident on a glasswater interface at the critical angle c, as Figure 26.45 illustrates. The reflected light then passes through a liquid (immiscible with water) and into air. The indices of refraction for the four substances are given in the drawing. Determine the angle of refraction 5 for the ray as it passes into the air. C

What determines the critical angle when the ray strikes the glasswater interface?

When light is incident at the glasswater interface at the critical angle, what is the angle of refraction, and how is the angle of reflection 1 related to the critical angle?

When the reflected ray strikes the glassliquid interface, how is the angle of refraction 3 related to the angle of incidence 2? Note that the two materials have the same indices of refraction. An

When the ray passes from the liquid into the air, is the ray refracted?

In Figure 26.46 a converging lens ( f1 20.0 cm) and a diverging lens ( f2 15.0 cm) are separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. An object with a height of ho1 5.00 mm is placed at a distance of do1 45.0 cm to the left of the first (converging) lens. What are (a) the image distance di1 and (b) the height hi1 of the image produced by the first lens? (c) What is the object distance for the second (diverging) lens? Find (d) the image distance di2 and (e) the height hi2 of the image produced by the second lens. Con

Is the image produced by the first (converging) lens real or virtual?

As far as the second lens is concerned, what role does the image produced by the first lens play?

Note in Figure 26.46 that the image produced by the first lens is called the first image, and it falls to the right of the second lens. This image acts as the object for the second lens. Normally, however, an object would lie to the left of a lens. How do we take into account that this object lies to the right of the diverging lens?

How do we find the location of the image produced by the second lens when its object is a virtual object?

The drawings show two examples in which a ray of light is refracted at the interface between two liquids. In each example the incident ray is in liquid A and strikes the interface at the same angle of incidence. In one case the ray is refracted into liquid B, and in the other it is refracted into liquid C. The dashed lines denote the normals to the interfaces. Rank the indices of refraction of the three liquids in descending order (largest first). (a) nA, nB, nC (b) nA, nC, nB (c) nC, nA, nB (d) nB, nA, nC (e) nC, nB, nA

A coin is resting on the bottom of an empty container. The container is then filled to the brim three times, each time with a different liquid. An observer (in air) is directly above the coin and looks down at it. With liquid A in the container, the apparent depth of the coin is 7 cm, with liquid B it is 6 cm, and with liquid C it is 5 cm. Rank the indices of refraction of the liquids in descending order (largest first). (a) nA, nB, nC (b) nA, nC, nB (c) nC, nA, nB (d) nC, nB, nA (e) nB, nA, nC

The refractive index of material A is greater than the refractive index of material B. A ray of light is incident on the interface between these two materials in a number of ways, as the drawings illustrate. The dashed lines denote the normals to the interfaces. Which one of the drawings shows a situation that is not possible? (a) Drawing 1 (b) Drawing 2 (c) Drawing 3 (d) Drawing 4

The drawing shows a rectangular block of glass (n 1.52) surrounded by air. A ray of light starts out within the glass and travels toward point A, where some or all of it is reflected toward point B. At which points does some of the light escape the glass? (a) Only at point A (b) Only at point B (c) At both points A and B (d) At neither point A nor point B

A diamond (n 2.42) is lying on a table. At what angle of incidence is the light that is reflected from one of the facets of the diamond completely polarized? S

The indices of refraction for red, green, and violet light in glass are nred 1.520, ngreen 1.526, and nviolet 1.538. When a ray of light passes through a transparent slab of glass, the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray, but can be displaced relative to it. For light passing through a glass slab that is surrounded by air, which color is displaced the most? (a) All colors are displaced equally. (b) Red (c) Green (d) Violet Se

An object is situated to the left of a lens. A ray of light from the object is close to and parallel to the principal axis of the lens. The ray passes through the lens. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) The ray crosses the principal axis at a distance from the lens equal to twice the focal length, no matter whether the lens is converging or diverging. (b) The ray passes through the lens without changing direction, no matter whether the lens is converging or diverging. (c) The ray passes through a focal point of the lens, no matter whether the lens is converging or diverging. (d) The ray passes through a focal point of the lens only if the lens is a diverging lens. (e) The ray passes through a focal point of the lens only if the lens is a converging lens.

What type of single lens produces a virtual image that is inverted with respect to the object? (a) Both a converging and a diverging lens can produce such an image. (b) Neither a converging nor a diverging lens produces such an image. (c) A converging lens (d) A diverging lens

Two converging lenses have the same focal length of 5.00 cm. They have a common principal axis and are separated by 21.0 cm. An object is located 10.0 cm to the left of the left-hand lens. What is the image distance (relative to the lens on the right) of the final image produced by this two-lens system?

Here are a number of statements concerning the refractive power of lenses. A. A positive refractive power means that a lens always creates an image that is larger than the object. B. Two lenses with the same refractive power have the same focal lengths. C. A lens with a positive refractive power is a converging lens, whereas a lens with a negative refractive power is a diverging lens. D. Two lenses with different refractive powers can have the same focal length. E. The fact that lens A has twice the refractive power of lens B means that the focal length of lens A is twice that of lens B. Which of these statements are false? (a) A, B, C (b) C, D, E (c) A, D, E (d) B, C, E (e) B, C, D

The table lists the angular sizes in radians and distances from the eye for three objects, A, B, and C. In each case the angular size is small. Object Angular Size (in Radians) Distance of Object from Eye A B C Rank the heights of these objects in descending order (largest first). (a) B, C, A (b) B, A, C (c) A, B, C (d) A, C, B (e) C, A, B

An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of 125 when used properly. What would the angular magnification M be if the objective and the eyepiece were interchanged?

Which one of the five choices below best completes the following statement? The fact that the refractive index depends on the wavelength of light is the cause of __________. (a) dispersion (b) chromatic aberration (c) spherical aberration (d) dispersion and chromatic aberration (e) spherical aberration and chromatic aberration

A plate glass window (n 1.5) has a thickness of 4.0 103 m. How long does it take light to pass perpendicularly through the plate?

In an ultra-low-temperature experiment, a collection of sodium atoms enter a special state called a Bose-Einstein condensate in which the index of refraction is 1.57 107 . What is the speed of light in this condensate?

The refractive indices of materials A and B have a ratio of nA/nB 1.33. The speed of light in material A is 1.25 108 m/s. What is the speed of light in material B?

The frequency of a light wave is the same when the light travels in ethyl alcohol or in carbon disulfide. Find the ratio of the wavelength of the light in ethyl alcohol to that in carbon disulfide.

Light travels at a speed of 2.201 108 m/s in a certain substance. What substance from Table 26.1 could this be? For the speed of light in a vacuum use 2.998 108 m/s; show your calculations.

Light has a wavelength of 340.0 nm and a frequency of 5.403 1014 Hz when traveling through a certain substance. What substance from Table 26.1 could this be? Show your calculations.

In a certain time, light travels 6.20 km in a vacuum. During the same time, light travels only 3.40 km in a liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid?

A flat sheet of ice has a thickness of 2.0 cm. It is on top of a flat sheet of crystalline quartz that has a thickness of 1.1 cm. Light strikes the ice perpendicularly and travels through it and then through the quartz. In the time it takes the light to travel through the two sheets, how far (in centimeters) would it have traveled in a vacuum?

The drawing shows four different situations in which a light ray is traveling from one medium into another. In some of the cases, the refraction is not shown correctly. For cases (a), (b), and (c), the angle of incidence is 55; for case (d ), the angle of incidence is 0. Determine the angle of refraction in each case. If the drawing shows the refraction incorrectly, explain why it is incorrect.

A layer of oil (n 1.45) floats on an unknown liquid. A ray of light originates in the oil and passes into the unknown liquid. The angle of incidence is 64.0, and the angle of refraction is 53.0. What is the index of refraction of the unknown liquid?

A ray of light impinges from air onto a block of ice (n 1.309) at a 60.0 angle of incidence. Assuming that this angle remains the same, find the difference 2, ice  2, water in the angles of refraction when the ice turns to water (n 1.333). 12.

A narrow beam of light from a laser travels through air (n 1.00) and strikes point A on the surface of the water (n 1.33) in a lake. The angle of incidence is 55. The depth of the lake is 3.0 m. On the flat lake-bottom is point B, directly below point A. (a) If refraction did not occur, how far away from point B would the laser beam strike the lakebottom? (b) Considering refraction, how far away from point B would the laser beam strike the lake-bottom? n

The drawing shows a coin resting on the bottom of a beaker filled with an unknown liquid. A ray of light from the coin travels to the surface of the liquid and is refracted as it enters into the air. A person sees the ray as it skims just above the surface of the liquid. How fast is the light traveling in the liquid?

Amber (n 1.546) is a transparent brown-yellow fossil resin. An insect, trapped and preserved within the amber, appears to be 2.5 cm beneath the surface when viewed directly from above. How far below the surface is the insect actually located? 1

A beam of light is traveling in air and strikes a material. The angles of incidence and refraction are 63.0 and 47.0, respectively. Obtain the speed of light in the material.

The drawing shows a ray of light traveling through three materials whose surfaces are parallel to each other. The refracted rays (but not the reflected rays) are shown as the light passes through each material. A ray of light strikes the ab interface at a 50.0 angle of incidence. The index of refraction of material a is na 1.20. The angles of refraction in materials b and c are, respectively, 45.0 and 56.7. Find the indices of refraction in these two media.

Light in a vacuum is incident on a transparent glass slab. The angle of incidence is 35.0. The slab is then immersed in a pool of liquid. When the angle of incidence for the light striking the slab is 20.3, the angle of refraction for the light entering the slab is the same as when the slab was in a vacuum. What is the index of refraction of the liquid?

A stone held just beneath the surface of a swimming pool is released and sinks to the bottom at a constant speed of What is the apparent speed of the stone, as viewed from directly above by an observer who is in air?

Review Conceptual Example 4 as background for this problem. A man in a boat is looking straight down at a fish in the water directly beneath him. The fish is looking straight up at the man. They are equidistant from the airwater interface. To the man, the fish appears to be 2.0 m beneath his eyes. To the fish, how far above its eyes does the man appear to be?

The drawing shows a rectangular block of glass (n 1.52) surrounded by liquid carbon disulfide (n 1.63). A ray of light is incident on the glass at point A with a 30.0 angle of incidence. At what angle of refraction does the ray leave the glass at point B? 30

In Figure 26.6, suppose that the angle of incidence is 1 30.0, the thickness of the glass pane is 6.00 mm, and the refractive index of the glass is n2 1.52. Find the amount (in mm) by which the emergent ray is displaced relative to the incident ray. *

The back wall of a home aquarium is a mirror that is a distance of 40.0 cm away from the front wall. The walls of the tank are negligibly thin. A fish, swimming midway between the front and back walls, is being viewed by a person looking through the front wall. The index of refraction of air is nair 1.000 and that of water is n water 1.333. (a) Calculate the apparent distance between the fish and the front wall. (b) Calculate the apparent distance between the image of the fish and the front wall. *

A paperweight consists of a 9.00-cm-thick plastic cube. Within the plastic a thin sheet of paper is embedded, parallel to opposite faces of the cube. On each side of the paper is printed a different joke that can be read by looking perpendicularly straight into the cube. When read from one side (the top), the apparent depth of the paper in the plastic is 4.00 cm. When read from the opposite side (the bottom), the apparent depth of the paper in the plastic is 1.63 cm. What is the index of refraction of the plastic?

A small logo is embedded in a thick block of crown glass (n 1.52), 3.20 cm beneath the top surface of the glass. The block is put under water, so there is 1.50 cm of water above the top surface of the block. The logo is viewed from directly above by an observer in air. How far beneath the top surface of the water does the logo appear to be?

For the liquids in Table 26.1, determine the smallest critical angle for light that originates in one of them and travels toward the airliquid interface.

A glass is half-full of water, with a layer of vegetable oil (n 1.47) floating on top. A ray of light traveling downward through the oil is incident on the water at an angle of 71.4. Determine the critical angle for the oilwater interface and decide whether the ray will penetrate into the water.

A point source of light is submerged 2.2 m below the surface of a lake and emits rays in all directions. On the surface of the lake, directly above the source, the area illuminated is a circle. What is the maximum radius that this circle could have?

A ray of light is traveling in glass and strikes a glassliquid interface. The angle of incidence is 58.0, and the index of refraction of glass is n 1.50. (a) What must be the index of refraction of the liquid so that the direction of the light entering the liquid is not changed? (b) What is the largest index of refraction that the liquid can have, so that none of the light is transmitted into the liquid and all of it is reflected back into the glass? 3

The drawing shows three layers of different materials, with air above and below the layers. The interfaces between the layers are parallel. The index of refraction of each layer is given in the drawing. Identical rays of light are sent into the layers, and light zigzags through each layer, reflecting from the top and bottom surfaces. The index of refraction for air is nair 1.00. For each layer, the ray of light has an angle of incidence of 75.0. For the cases in which total internal refection is possible from either the top or bottom surface of a layer, determine the amount by which the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

The drawing shows a crown glass slab with a rectangular cross section. As illustrated, a laser beam strikes the upper surface at an angle of 60.0. After reflecting from the upper surface, the beam reflects from the side and bottom surfaces. (a) If the glass is surrounded by air, determine where part of the beam first exits the glass, at point A, B, or C. (b) Repeat part (a), assuming that the glass is surrounded by water instead of air.

The drawing shows three materials, a, b, and c. A ray of light strikes the ab interface at an angle that just barely exceeds its critical angle of 40.0. The reflected ray then strikes the ac interface at an angle of incidence that just barely exceeds its critical angle (which is not 40.0). The index of refraction of material a is na 1.80. Find the indices of refraction for the two other materials. *

MultipleConcept Example 7 provides helpful background for this problem. The drawing shows a crystalline quartz slab with a rectangular cross section. A ray of light strikes the slab at an incident angle of 1 34, enters the quartz, and travels to point P. This slab is surrounded by a fluid with a refractive index n. What is the maximum value of n for which total internal reflection occurs at point P? *

The drawing shows a ray of light traveling from point A to point B, a distance of 4.60 m in a material that has an index of refraction n1. At point B, the light encounters a different substance whose index of refraction is n2 1.63. The light strikes the interface at the critical angle of c 48.1. How much time does it take for the light to travel from A to B? * 3

A layer of liquid B floats on liquid A. A ray of light begins in liquid A and undergoes total internal reflection at the interface between the liquids when the angle of incidence exceeds 36.5. When liquid B is replaced with liquid C, total internal reflection occurs for angles of incidence greater than 47.0. Find the ratio n B/nC of the refractive indices of liquids B and C. S

For light that originates within a liquid and strikes the liquidair interface, the critical angle is 39. What is Brewsters angle for this light?

Light is reflected from a glass coffee table. When the angle of incidence is 56.7, the reflected light is completely polarized parallel to the surface of the glass. What is the index of refraction of the glass?

Light is incident from air onto the surface of a liquid. The angle of incidence is 53.0, and the angle of refraction is 34.0. At what angle of incidence would the reflected light be 100% polarized? 39. ssm When light strikes the surface between two materials from above, the Brewster angle is 65.0. What is the Brewster angle when the light encounters the same surface from below?

A laser is mounted in air, at a distance of 0.476 m above the edge of a large, horizontal pane of crown glass, as shown in the drawing. The laser is aimed at the glass in such a way that the reflected beam is 100% polarized. Determine the distance d between the edge of the pane and the point at which the laser beam is reflected.

When red light in a vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain type of glass, the angle of refraction is 29.9. What are (a) the Brewster angle and (b) the index of refraction of the glass?

In Figure 26.17 light strikes the surface of a liquid at the Brewster angle, and the reflected light is 100% polarized. Suppose the light originates in air and the angle of refraction in Figure 26.17 is 2 33.7. Find the value of the index of refraction n2 of the liquid.

A ray of sunlight is passing from diamond into crown glass; the angle of incidence is 35.00. The indices of refraction for the blue and red components of the ray are: blue (ndiamond 2.444, ncrown glass 1.531), and red (ndiamond 2.410, ncrown glass 1.520). Determine the angle between the refracted blue and red rays in the crown glass. 44

Violet light and red light travel through air and strike a block of plastic at the same angle of incidence. The angle of refraction is 30.400 for the violet light and 31.200 for the red light. The index of refraction for violet light in plastic is greater than that for red light by 0.0400. Delaying any rounding off of calculations until the very end, find the index of refraction for violet light in plastic.

A beam of sunlight encounters a plate of crown glass at a 45.00 angle of incidence. Using the data in Table 26.2, find the angle between the violet ray and the red ray in the glass.

Horizontal rays of red light ( 660 nm, in vacuum) and violet light ( 410 nm, in vacuum) are incident on the flint-glass prism shown in the drawing. The indices of refraction for the red and violet light are nred 1.662 and nviolet 1.698. The prism is surrounded by air. What is the angle of refraction for each ray as it emerges from the prism? * 47.

This problem relates to Figure 26.18, which illustrates the dispersion of light by a prism. The prism is made from glass, and its cross section is an equilateral triangle. The indices of refraction for the red and violet light are 1.662 and 1.698, respectively. The angle of incidence for both the red and the violet light is 60.0. Find the angles of refraction at which the red and violet rays emerge into the air from the prism.

The drawing shows a horizontal ray of white light incident perpendicularly on the vertical face of a prism (crown glass). The light enters the prism, and part of it undergoes refraction at the slanted face and emerges into the surrounding material. The rest of it is totally internally reflected and exits through the horizontal base of the prism. The colors of light that emerge from the slanted face may be chosen by altering the index of refraction of the material surrounding the prism. Find the required index of refraction of the surrounding material so that (a) only red light and (b) all colors except violet emerge from the slanted face. (See Table 26.2.)

An object is located 9.0 cm in front of a converging lens ( f 6.0 cm). Using an accurately drawn ray diagram, determine where the image is located.

The owner of a van installs a rear-window lens that has a focal length of 0.300 m. When the owner looks out through the lens at a person standing directly behind the van, the person appears to be just 0.240 m from the back of the van, and appears to be 0.34 m tall. (a) How far from the van is the person actually standing, and (b) how tall is the person?

A camera is supplied with two interchangeable lenses, whose focal lengths are 35.0 and 150.0 mm. A woman whose height is 1.60 m stands 9.00 m in front of the camera. What is the height (including sign) of her image on the image sensor, as produced by (a) the 35.0-mm lens and (b) the 150.0-mm lens?

When a diverging lens is held 13.0 cm above a line of print, as in Figure 26.29, the image is 5.0 cm beneath the lens. (a) Is the image real or virtual? (b) What is the focal length of the lens?

A slide projector has a converging lens whose focal length is 105.00 mm. (a) How far (in meters) from the lens must the screen be located if a slide is placed 108.00 mm from the lens? (b) If the slide measures 24.0 mm 36.0 mm, what are the dimensions (in mm) of its image?

(a) For a diverging lens ( f 20.0 cm), construct a ray diagram to scale and find the image distance for an object that is 20.0 cm from the lens. (b) Determine the magnification of the lens from the diagram.

A tourist takes a picture of a mountain 14 km away using a camera that has a lens with a focal length of 50 mm. She then takes a second picture when she is only 5.0 km away. What is the ratio of the height of the mountains image on the cameras image sensor for the second picture to its height on the image sensor for the first picture?

An object is placed to the left of a lens, and a real image is formed to the right of the lens. The image is inverted relative to the object and is one-half the size of the object. The distance between the object and the image is 90.0 cm. (a) How far from the lens is the object? (b) What is the focal length of the lens?

A converging lens has a focal length of 88.00 cm. An object 13.0 cm tall is located 155.0 cm in front of this lens. (a) What is the image distance? (b) Is the image real or virtual? (c) What is the image height? Be sure to include the proper algebraic sign.

The distance between an object and its image formed by a diverging lens is 49.0 cm. The focal length of the lens is 233.0 cm. Find (a) the image distance and (b) the object distance.

The moons diameter is 3.48 106 m, and its mean distance from the earth is 3.85 108 m. The moon is being photographed by a camera whose lens has a focal length of 50.0 mm. (a) Find the diameter of the moons image on the slide film. (b) When the slide is projected onto a screen that is 15.0 m from the lens of the projector ( f 110.0 mm), what is the diameter of the moons image on the screen? *

When a converging lens is used in a camera (as in Figure 26.26b), the film must be at a distance of 0.210 m from the lens to record an image of an object that is 4.00 m from the lens. The same lens and film are used in a projector (see Figure 26.27b), with the screen 0.500 m from the lens. How far from the projector lens should the film be placed?

An object is 18 cm in front of a diverging lens that has a focal length of 12 cm. How far in front of the lens should the object be placed so that the size of its image is reduced by a factor of 2.0?

An object is placed in front of a converging lens in such a position that the lens ( f 12.0 cm) creates a real image located 21.0 cm from the lens. Then, with the object remaining in place, the lens is replaced with another converging lens ( f 16.0 cm). A new, real image is formed. What is the image distance of this new image? *

A converging lens ( f 25.0 cm) is used to project an image of an object onto a screen. The object and the screen are 125 cm apart, and between them the lens can be placed at either of two locations. Find the two object distances.

The equation is called the Gaussian form of the thin-lens equation. The drawing shows the variables do, di , and f. The drawing also shows the distances x and x, which are, respectively, the distance from the object to the focal point on the left of the lens and the distance from the focal point on the right of the lens to the image. An equivalent form of the thin-lens equation, involving x, x, and f, is called the Newtonian form. Show that the Newtonian form of the thin-lens equation can be written as xx f 2 .

Two identical diverging lenses are separated by 16 cm. The focal length of each lens is 8.0 cm. An object is located 4.0 cm to the left of the lens that is on the left. Determine the final image distance relative to the lens on the right.

Two systems are formed from a converging lens and a diverging lens, as shown in parts a and b of the drawing. (The point labeled Fconverging is the focal point of the converging lens.) An object is placed inside the focal point of lens 1 at a distance of 10.00 cm to the left of lens 1. The focal lengths of the converging and diverging lenses are 15.00 and 20.0 cm, respectively. The distance between the lenses is 50.0 cm.Determine the final image distance for each system, measured with respect to lens 2.

Two converging lenses are separated by 24.00 cm. The focal length of each lens is 12.00 cm. An object is placed 36.00 cm to the left of the lens that is on the left. Determine the final image distance relative to the lens on the right.

A converging lens ( f1 24.0 cm) is located 56.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens ( f2 28.0 cm). An object is placed to the left of the converging lens, and the final image produced by the two-lens combination lies 20.7 cm to the left of the diverging lens. How far is the object from the converging lens? 6

A converging lens ( f 12.0 cm) is located 30.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens ( f 6.00 cm). A postage stamp is placed 36.0 cm to the left of the converging lens. (a) Locate the final image of the stamp relative to the diverging lens. (b) Find the overall magnification. (c) Is the final image real or virtual? With respect to the original object, is the final image (d) upright or inverted, and is it (e) larger or smaller? 7

A diverging lens ( f 10.0 cm) is located 20.0 cm to the left of a converging lens ( f 30.0 cm). A 3.00-cm-tall object stands to the left of the diverging lens, exactly at its focal point. (a) Determine the distance of the final image relative to the converging lens. (b) What is the height of the final image (including the proper algebraic sign)? *

An object is placed 20.0 cm to the left of a diverging lens ( f 8.00 cm). A concave mirror ( f 12.0 cm) is placed 30.0 cm to the right of the lens. (a) Find the final image distance, measured relative to the mirror. (b) Is the final image real or virtual? (c) Is the final image upright or inverted with respect to the original object? *

Two converging lenses ( f1 9.00 cm and f2 6.00 cm) are separated by 18.0 cm. The lens on the left has the longer focal length. An object stands 12.0 cm to the left of the left-hand lens in the combination. (a) Locate the final image relative to the lens on the right. (b) Obtain the overall magnification. (c) Is the final image real or virtual? With respect to the original object, (d) is the final image upright or inverted and (e) is it larger or smaller? *

Visitors at a science museum are invited to sit in a chair to the right of a full-length diverging lens ( f1 3.00 m) and observe a friend sitting in a second chair, 2.00 m to the left of the lens. The visitor then presses a button and a converging lens ( f2 4.00 m) rises from the floor to a position 1.60 m to the right of the diverging lens, allowing the visitor to view the friend through both lenses at once. Find (a) the magnification of the friend when viewed through the diverging lens only and (b) the overall magnification of the friend when viewed through both lenses. Be sure to include the algebraic signs ( or ) with your answers. S

A student is reading material written on a blackboard. Her contact lenses have a refractive power of 57.50 diopters; the lens-to-retina distance is 1.750 cm. (a) How far (in meters) is the blackboard from her eyes? (b) If the material written on the blackboard is 5.00 cm high, what is the size of the image on her retina?

A nearsighted person cannot read a sign that is more than 5.2 m from his eyes. To deal with this problem, he wears contact lenses that do not correct his vision completely, but do allow him to read signs located up to distances of 12.0 m from his eyes. What is the focal length of the contacts?

A woman can read the large print in a newspaper only when it is at a distance of 65 cm or more from her eyes. (a) Is she nearsighted (myopic) or farsighted (hyperopic), and what kind of lens is used in her glasses to correct her eyesight? (b) What should be the refractive power (in diopters) of her glasses (worn 2.0 cm from the eyes), so she can read the newspaper at a distance of 25 cm from the eyes?

Your friend has a near point of 138 cm, and she wears contact lenses that have a focal length of 35.1 cm. How close can she hold a magazine and still read it clearly?

A farsighted woman breaks her current eyeglasses and is using an old pair whose refractive power is 1.660 diopters. Since these eyeglasses do not completely correct her vision, she must hold a newspaper 42.00 cm from her eyes in order to read it. She wears the eyeglasses 2.00 cm from her eyes. How far is her near point from her eyes?

A person has far points of 5.0 m from the right eye and 6.5 m from the left eye. Write a prescription for the refractive power of each corrective contact lens.

A farsighted man uses eyeglasses with a refractive power of 3.80 diopters. Wearing the glasses 0.025 m from his eyes, he is able to read books held no closer than 0.280 m from his eyes. He would like a prescription for contact lenses to serve the same purpose. What is the correct contact lens prescription, in diopters?

The far point of a nearsighted person is 6.0 m from her eyes, and she wears contacts that enable her to see distant objects clearly. A tree is 18.0 m away and 2.0 m high. (a) When she looks through the contacts at the tree, what is its image distance? (b) How high is the image formed by the contacts?

The contacts worn by a farsighted person allow her to see objects clearly that are as close as 25.0 cm, even though her uncorrected near point is 79.0 cm from her eyes. When she is looking at a poster, the contacts form an image of the poster at a distance of 217 cm from her eyes. (a) How far away is the poster actually located? (b) If the poster is 0.350 m tall, how tall is the image formed by the contacts?

A jeweler whose near point is 72 cm from his eye uses a magnifying glass as in Figure 26.39b to examine a watch. The watch is held 4.0 cm from the magnifying glass. Find the angular magnification of the magnifying glass.

A spectator, seated in the left-field stands, is watching a baseball player who is 1.9 m tall and is 75 m away. On a TV screen, located 3.0 m from a person watching the game at home, the image of this same player is 0.12 m tall. Find the angular size of the player as seen by (a) the spectator watching the game live and (b) the TV viewer. (c) To whom does the player appear to be larger?

An engraver uses a magnifying glass ( f 9.50 cm) to examine some work, as in Figure 26.39b. The image he sees is located 25.0 cm from his eye, which is his near point. (a) What is the distance between the work and the magnifying glass? (b) What is the angular magnification of the magnifying glass?

The near point of a naked eye is 32 cm. When an object is placed at the near point and viewed by the naked eye, it has an angular size of 0.060 rad. A magnifying glass has a focal length of 16 cm, and is held next to the eye. The enlarged image that is seen is located 64 cm from the magnifying glass. Determine the angular size of the image.

An object has an angular size of 0.0150 rad when placed at the near point (21.0 cm) of an eye. When the eye views this object using a magnifying glass, the largest possible angular size of the image is 0.0380 rad. What is the focal length of the magnifying glass?

A person using a magnifying glass as in Figure 26.39b observes that for clear vision its maximum angular magnification is 1.25 times as large as its minimum angular magnification. Assuming that the person has a near point located 25 cm from her eye, what is the focal length of the magnifying glass?

A farsighted person can read printing as close as 25.0 cm when she wears contacts that have a focal length of 45.4 cm. One day, she forgets her contacts and uses a magnifying glass, as in Figure 26.39b. Its maximum angular magnification is 7.50 for a young person with a normal near point of 25.0 cm. What is the maximum angular magnification that the magnifying glass can provide for her?

A forensic pathologist is viewing heart muscle cells with a microscope that has two selectable objectives with refracting powers of 100 and 300 diopters. When he uses the 100-diopter objective, the image of a cell subtends an angle of 3 103 rad with the eye. What angle is subtended when he uses the 300-diopter objective?

A compound microscope has a barrel whose length is 16.0 cm and an eyepiece whose focal length is 1.4 cm. The viewer has a near point located 25 cm from his eyes. What focal length must the objective have so that the angular magnification of the microscope will be 320?

The distance between the lenses in a compound microscope is 18 cm. The focal length of the objective is 1.5 cm. If the microscope is to provide an angular magnification of 83 when used by a person with a normal near point (25 cm from the eye), what must be the focal length of the eyepiece?

The near point of a naked eye is 25 cm. When placed at the near point and viewed by the naked eye, a tiny object would have an angular size of 5.2 105 rad. When viewed through a compound microscope, however, it has an angular size of 8.8 103 rad. (The minus sign indicates that the image produced by the microscope is inverted.) The objective of the microscope has a focal length of 2.6 cm, and the distance between the objective and the eyepiece is 16 cm. Find the focal length of the eyepiece. *

In a compound microscope, the objective has a focal length of 0.60 cm, while the eyepiece has a focal length of 2.0 cm. The separation between the objective and the eyepiece is L 12.0 cm. Another microscope that has the same angular magnification can be constructed by interchanging the two lenses, provided that the distance between the lenses is adjusted to a value L. Find L. *

In a compound microscope, the focal length of the objective is 3.50 cm and that of the eyepiece is 6.50 cm. The distance between the lenses is 26.0 cm. (a) What is the angular magnification of the microscope if the person using it has a near point of 35.0 cm? (b) If, as usual, the first image lies just inside the focal point of the eyepiece (see Figure 26.32), how far is the object from the objective? (c) What is the magnification (not the angular magnification) of the objective?

An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of 132. Its objective has a refractive power of 1.50 diopters. What is the refractive power of its eyepiece?

Mars subtends an angle of 8.0 105 rad at the unaided eye. An astronomical telescope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 0.032 m. When Mars is viewed using this telescope, it subtends an angle of 2.8 103 rad. Find the focal length of the telescopes objective lens.

A telescope has an objective with a refractive power of 1.25 diopters and an eyepiece with a refractive power of 250 diopters. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?

A stargazer has an astronomical telescope with an objective whose focal length is 180 cm and an eyepiece whose focal length is 1.20 cm. He wants to increase the angular magnification of a galaxy under view by replacing the telescopes eyepiece. Once the eyepiece is replaced, the barrel of the telescope must be adjusted to bring the galaxy back into focus. If the barrel can only be shortened by 0.50 cm from its current length, what is the best angular magnification the stargazer will be able to achieve?

An amateur astronomer decides to build a telescope from a discarded pair of eyeglasses. One of the lenses has a refractive power of 11 diopters, and the other has a refractive power of 1.3 diopters. (a) Which lens should be the objective? (b) How far apart should the lenses be separated? (c) What is the angular magnification of the telescope?

The telescope at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin has an objective whose focal length is 19.4 m. Its eyepiece has a focal length of 10.0 cm. (a) What is the angular magnification of the telescope? (b) If the telescope is used to look at a lunar crater whose diameter is 1500 m, what is the size of the first image, assuming that the surface of the moon is 3.77 108 m from the surface of the earth? (c) How close does the crater appear to be when seen through the telescope?

The lengths of three telescopes are LA 455 mm, LB 615 mm, and LC 824 mm. The focal length of the eyepiece for each telescope is 3.00 mm. Find the angular magnification of each telescope. *

A refracting telescope has an angular magnification of 83.00. The length of the barrel is 1.500 m. What are the focal lengths of (a) the objective and (b) the eyepiece?

An astronomical telescope is being used to examine a relatively close object that is only 114.00 m away from the objective of the telescope. The objective and eyepiece have focal lengths of 1.500 and 0.070 m, respectively. Noting that the expression M  fo/fe is no longer applicable because the object is so close, use the thin-lens and magnification equations to find the angular magnification of this telescope. (Hint: See Figure 26.41 and note that the focal points Fo and Fe are so close together that the distance between them may be ignored.)

An object is located 30.0 cm to the left of a converging lens whose focal length is 50.0 cm. (a) Draw a ray diagram to scale and from it determine the image distance and the magnification. (b) Use the thin-lens and magnification equations to verify your answers to part (a).

A camera uses a lens with a focal length of 0.0500 m and can take clear pictures of objects no closer to the lens than 0.500 m. For closer objects the camera records only blurred images. However, the camera could be used to record a clear image of an object located 0.200 m from the lens, if the distance between the image sensor and the lens were increased. By how much would this distance need to be increased?

A glass block (n 1.56) is immersed in a liquid. A ray of light within the glass hits a glassliquid surface at a 75.0 angle of incidence. Some of the light enters the liquid. What is the smallest possible refractive index for the liquid?

As an aid in understanding this problem, refer to Conceptual Example 4. A swimmer, who is looking up from under the water, sees a diving board directly above at an apparent height of 4.0 m above the water. What is the actual height of the diving board above the water?

A nearsighted patients far point is 0.690 m from her eyes. She is able to see distant objects in focus when wearing glasses with a refractive power of 1.50 diopters. What is the distance between her eyes and the glasses?

A person working on the transmission of a car accidentally drops a bolt into a tray of oil. The oil is 5.00 cm deep. The bolt appears to be 3.40 cm beneath the surface of the oil, when viewed from directly above. What is the index of refraction of the oil?

A microscope for viewing blood cells has an objective with a focal length of 0.50 cm and an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 cm. The distance between the objective and eyepiece is 14.0 cm. If a blood cell subtends an angle of 2.1 105 rad when viewed with the naked eye at a near point of 25.0 cm, what angle (magnitude only) does it subtend when viewed through the microscope?

A camper is trying to start a fire by focusing sunlight onto a piece of paper. The diameter of the sun is 1.39 109 m, and its mean distance from the earth is 1.50 1011 m. The camper is using a converging lens whose focal length is 10.0 cm. (a) What is the area of the suns image on the paper? (b) If 0.530 W of sunlight passes through the lens, what is the intensity of the sunlight at the paper? 1

A scuba diver, submerged under water, looks up and sees sunlight at an angle of 28.0 from the vertical. At what angle, measured from the vertical, does this sunlight strike the surface of the water?

A dentist is examining a dental filling in a patients tooth. The diameter of the filling is 2.4 mm, and the dentists near point is 17.0 cm. To get a better look at the filling, the dentist dons safety goggles fitted with magnifying glasses ( f 6.0 cm). Find the greatest possible angular size (in radians) of the patients filling when viewed by the dentist, both (a) without and (b) with the magnifying glasses.

A farsighted person has a near point that is 67.0 cm from her eyes. She wears eyeglasses that are designed to enable her to read a newspaper held at a distance of 25.0 cm from her eyes. Find the focal length of the eyeglasses, assuming that they are worn (a) 2.2 cm from the eyes and (b) 3.3 cm from the eyes.

Red light (n 1.520) and violet light (n 1.538) traveling in air are incident on a slab of crown glass. Both colors enter the glass at the same angle of refraction. The red light has an angle of incidence of 30.00. What is the angle of incidence of the violet light?

A converging lens ( f 12.0 cm) is held 8.00 cm in front of a newspaper that has a print size with a height of 2.00 mm. Find (a) the image distance (in cm) and (b) the height (in mm) of the magnified print.

To focus a camera on objects at different distances, the converging lens is moved toward or away from the image sensor, so a sharp image always falls on the sensor. A camera with a telephoto lens ( f 200.0 mm) is to be focused on an object located first at a distance of 3.5 m and then at 50.0 m. Over what distance must the lens be movable?

An office copier uses a lens to place an image of a document onto a rotating drum. The copy is made from this image. (a) What kind of lens is used, converging or diverging? If the document and its copy are to have the same size, but are inverted with respect to one another, (b) how far from the document is the lens located and (c) how far from the lens is the image located? Express your answers in terms of the focal length f of the lens.

A stamp collector is viewing a stamp with a magnifying glass held next to her eye. Her near point is 25 cm from her eye. (a) What is the refractive power of a magnifying glass that has an angular magnification of 6.0 when the image of the stamp is located at the near point? (b) What is the angular magnification when the image of the stamp is 45 cm from the eye?

At age forty, a man requires contact lenses ( f 65.0 cm) to read a book held 25.0 cm from his eyes. At age forty-five, while wearing these contacts he must now hold a book 29.0 cm from his eyes. (a) By what distance has his near point changed? (b) What focallength lenses does he require at age forty-five to read a book at 25.0 cm?

An object is in front of a converging lens ( f 0.30 m). The magnification of the lens is m 4.0. (a) Relative to the lens, in what direction should the object be moved so that the magnification changes to m 4.0? (b) Through what distance should the object be moved? **

The angular magnification of a telescope is 32 800 times as large when you look through the correct end of the telescope as when you look through the wrong end. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?

A filmmaker wants to achieve an interesting visual effect by filming a scene through a converging lens with a focal length of 50.0 m. The lens is placed between the camera and a horse, which canters toward the camera at a constant speed of 7.0 m/s. The camera starts rolling when the horse is 40.0 m from the lens. Find the average speed of the image of the horse (a) during the first 2.0 s after the camera starts rolling and (b) during the following 2.0 s.

Bill is farsighted and has a near point located 125 cm from his eyes. Anne is also farsighted, but her near point is 75.0 cm from her eyes. Both have glasses that correct their vision to a normal near point (25.0 cm from the eyes), and both wear the glasses 2.0 cm from the eyes. Relative to the eyes, what is the closest object that can be seen clearly (a) by Anne when she wears Bills glasses and (b) by Bill when he wears Annes glasses?

Refer to Figure 26.4b and assume the observer is nearly above the submerged object. For this situation, derive the expression for the apparent depth: d d(n2/n1), Equation 26.3. (Hint: Use Snells law of refraction and the fact that the angles of incidence and refraction are small, so tan sin .) **