Solution: A high-speed flywheel in a motor is spinning at

Which of the following formulas is valid if the angular acceleration of an object is not constant? Explain your reasoning in each case. (a) v = rv; (b) atan = ra; (c) v = v0 + at; (d) atan = rv2 ; (e) K = 1 2 Iv2 .

A diatomic molecule can be modeled as two point masses, m1 and m2, slightly separated (Fig. Q9.2). If the molecule is oriented along the y-axis, it has kinetic energy K when it spins about the x-axis. What will its kinetic energy (in terms of K) be if it spins at the same angular speed about (a) the z-axis and (b) the y-axis?

What is the difference between tangential and radial acceleration for a point on a rotating body?

In Fig. Q9.4, all points on the chain have the same linear speed. Is the magnitude of the linear acceleration also the same for all points on the chain? How are the angular accelerations of the two sprockets related? Explain.

In Fig. Q9.4, how are the radial accelerations of points at the teeth of the two sprockets related? Explain.

A flywheel rotates with constant angular velocity. Does a point on its rim have a tangential acceleration? A radial acceleration? Are these accelerations constant in magnitude? In direction? In each case give your reasoning

What is the purpose of the spin cycle of a washing machine? Explain in terms of acceleration components.

You are designing a flywheel to store kinetic energy. If all of the following uniform objects have the same mass and same angular velocity, which one will store the greatest amount of kinetic energy? Which will store the least? Explain. (a) A solid sphere of diameter D rotating about a diameter; (b) a solid cylinder of diameter D rotating about an axis perpendicular to each face through its center; (c) a thin-walled hollow cylinder of diameter D rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the circular face at its center; (d) a solid, thin bar of length D rotating about an axis perpendicular to it at its center.

You are designing a flywheel to store kinetic energy. If all of the following uniform objects have the same mass and same angular velocity, which one will store the greatest amount of kinetic energy? Which will store the least? Explain. (a) A solid sphere of diameter D rotating about a diameter; (b) a solid cylinder of diameter D rotating about an axis perpendicular to each face through its center; (c) a thin-walled hollow cylinder of diameter D rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the circular face at its center; (d) a solid, thin bar of length D rotating about an axis perpendicular to it at its center.

To maximize the moment of inertia of a flywheel while minimizing its weight, what shape and distribution of mass should it have? Explain.

How might you determine experimentally the moment of inertia of an irregularly shaped body about a given axis?

A cylindrical body has mass M and radius R. Can the mass be distributed within the body in such a way that its moment of inertia about its axis of symmetry is greater than MR2 ? Explain.

A cylindrical body has mass M and radius R. Can the mass be distributed within the body in such a way that its moment of inertia about its axis of symmetry is greater than MR2 ? Explain.

A hollow spherical shell of radius R that is rotating about an axis through its center has rotational kinetic energy K. If you want to modify this sphere so that it has three times as much kinetic energy at the same angular speed while keeping the same mass, what should be its radius in terms of R?

For the equations for I given in parts (a) and (b) of Table 9.2 to be valid, must the rod have a circular cross section? Is there any restriction on the size of the cross section for these equations to apply? Explain.

In part (d) of Table 9.2, the thickness of the plate must be much less than a for the expression given for I to apply. But in part (c), the expression given for I applies no matter how thick the plate is. Explain.

Two identical balls, A and B, are each attached to very light string, and each string is wrapped around the rim of a frictionless pulley of mass M. The only difference is that the pulley for ball A is a solid disk, while the one for ball B is a hollow disk, like part (e) in Table 9.2. If both balls are released from rest and fall the same distance, which one will have more kinetic energy, or will they have the same kinetic energy? Explain your reasoning.

An elaborate pulley consists of four identical balls at the ends of spokes extending out from a rotating drum (Fig. Q9.18). A box is connected to a light, thin rope wound around the rim of the drum. When it is released from rest, the box acquires a speed V after having fallen a distance d. Now the four balls are moved inward closer to the drum, and the box is again released from rest. After it has fallen a distance d, will its speed be equal to V, greater than V, or less than V? Show or explain why

You can use any angular measureradians, degrees, or revolutionsin some of the equations in Chapter 9, but you can use only radian measure in others. Identify those for which using radians is necessary and those for which it is not, and in each case give your reasoning

When calculating the moment of inertia of an object, can we treat all its mass as if it were concentrated at the center of mass of the object? Justify your answer

A wheel is rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the wheel and passing through the center of the wheel. The angular speed of the wheel is increasing at a constant rate. Point A is on the rim of the wheel and point B is midway between the rim and center of the wheel. For each of the following quantities, is its magnitude larger at point A or at point B, or is it the same at both points? (a) angular speed; (b) tangential speed; (c) angular acceleration; (d) tangential acceleration; (e) radial acceleration. Justify each answer.

A wheel is rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the wheel and passing through the center of the wheel. The angular speed of the wheel is increasing at a constant rate. Point A is on the rim of the wheel and point B is midway between the rim and center of the wheel. For each of the following quantities, is its magnitude larger at point A or at point B, or is it the same at both points? (a) angular speed; (b) tangential speed; (c) angular acceleration; (d) tangential acceleration; (e) radial acceleration. Justify each answer.

(a) What angle in radians is subtended by an arc 1.50 m long on the circumference of a circle of radius 2.50 m? What is this angle in degrees? (b) An arc 14.0 cm long on the circumference of a circle subtends an angle of 128. What is the radius of the circle? (c) The angle between two radii of a circle with radius 1.50 m is 0.700 rad. What length of arc is intercepted on the circumference of the circle by the two radii?

An airplane propeller is rotating at 1900 rpm 1rev>min2. (a) Compute the propellers angular velocity in rad>s. (b) How many seconds does it take for the propeller to turn through 35?

The angular velocity of a flywheel obeys the equation vz1t2 = A + Bt2 , where t is in seconds and A and B are constants having numerical values 2.75 (for A) and 1.50 (for B). (a) What are the units of A and B if vz is in rad>s? (b) What is the angular acceleration of the wheel at (i) t = 0 and (ii) t = 5.00 s? (c) Through what angle does the flywheel turn during the first 2.00 s? (Hint: See Section 2.6.)

A fan blade rotates with angular velocity given by vz1t2 = g - bt 2 , where g = 5.00 rad>s and b = 0.800 rad>s 3 . (a) Calculate the angular acceleration as a function of time. (b) Calculate the instantaneous angular acceleration az at t = 3.00 s and the average angular acceleration aav@z for the time interval t = 0 to t = 3.00 s. How do these two quantities compare? If they are different, why?

A child is pushing a merry-go-round. The angle through which the merry-go-round has turned varies with time according to u1t2 = gt + bt 3 , where g = 0.400 rad>s and b = 0.0120 rad>s 3 . (a) Calculate the angular velocity of the merrygo-round as a function of time. (b) What is the initial value of the angular velocity? (c) Calculate the instantaneous value of the angular velocity vz at t = 5.00 s and the average angular velocity vav@z for the time interval t = 0 to t = 5.00 s. Show that vav@z is not equal to the average of the instantaneous angular velocities at t = 0 and t = 5.00 s, and explain.

At t = 0 the current to a dc electric motor is reversed, resulting in an angular displacement of the motor shaft given by u1t2 = 1250 rad>s2t - 120.0 rad>s 2 2t 2 - 11.50 rad>s 3 2t 3 . (a) At what time is the angular velocity of the motor shaft zero? (b) Calculate the angular acceleration at the instant that the motor shaft has zero angular velocity. (c) How many revolutions does the motor shaft turn through between the time when the current is reversed and the instant when the angular velocity is zero? (d) How fast was the motor shaft rotating at t = 0, when the current was reversed? (e) Calculate the average angular velocity for the time period from t = 0 to the time calculated in part (a).

The angle u through which a disk drive turns is given by u1t2 = a + bt - ct3 , where a, b, and c are constants, t is in seconds, and u is in radians. When t = 0, u = p>4 rad and the angular velocity is 2.00 rad>s. When t = 1.50 s, the angular acceleration is 1.25 rad>s 2 . (a) Find a, b, and c, including their units. (b) What is the angular acceleration when u = p>4 rad? (c) What are u and the angular velocity when the angular acceleration is 3.50 rad>s 2 ?

A wheel is rotating about an axis that is in the z-direction. The angular velocity \(\omega_z\text{ is }-6.00\mathrm{\ rad}/\mathrm{s}\) at t = 0, increases linearly with time, and is \(+4.00\mathrm{\ rad}/\mathrm{s}\) at t = 7.00 s. We have taken counterclockwise rotation to be positive. (a) Is the angular acceleration during this time interval positive or negative? (b) During what time interval is the speed of the wheel increasing? Decreasing? (c) What is the angular displacement of the wheel at t = 7.00 s?

A bicycle wheel has an initial angular velocity of 1.50 rad>s. (a) If its angular acceleration is constant and equal to 0.200 rad>s 2 , what is its angular velocity at t = 2.50 s? (b) Through what angle has the wheel turned between t = 0 and t = 2.50 s?

A bicycle wheel has an initial angular velocity of 1.50 rad>s. (a) If its angular acceleration is constant and equal to 0.200 rad>s 2 , what is its angular velocity at t = 2.50 s? (b) Through what angle has the wheel turned between t = 0 and t = 2.50 s?

A bicycle wheel has an initial angular velocity of 1.50 rad>s. (a) If its angular acceleration is constant and equal to 0.200 rad>s 2 , what is its angular velocity at t = 2.50 s? (b) Through what angle has the wheel turned between t = 0 and t = 2.50 s?

(a) Derive Eq. (9.12) by combining Eqs. (9.7) and (9.11) to eliminate t. (b) The angular velocity of an airplane propeller increases from 12.0 rad/s to 16.0 rad/s while turning through 7.00 rad. What is the angular acceleration in \(\mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}^{2} ?\)

A turntable rotates with a constant \(2.25 \ \mathrm{rad/s}^2\) angular acceleration. After 4.00 s it has rotated through an angle of 30.0 rad. What was the angular velocity of the wheel at the beginning of the 4.00-s interval?

A circular saw blade 0.200 m in diameter starts from rest. In 6.00 s it accelerates with constant angular acceleration to an angular velocity of 140 rad>s. Find the angular acceleration and the angle through which the blade has turned.

A high-speed flywheel in a motor is spinning at 500 rpm when a power failure suddenly occurs. The flywheel has mass 40.0 kg and diameter 75.0 cm. The power is off for 30.0 s, and during this time the flywheel slows due to friction in its axle bearings. During the time the power is off, the flywheel makes 200 complete revolutions. (a) At what rate is the flywheel spinning when the power comes back on? (b) How long after the beginning of the power failure would it have taken the flywheel to stop if the power had not come back on, and how many revolutions would the wheel have made during this time?

At t = 0 a grinding wheel has an angular velocity of 24.0 rad>s. It has a constant angular acceleration of 30.0 rad>s 2 until a circuit breaker trips at t = 2.00 s. From then on, it turns through 432 rad as it coasts to a stop at constant angular acceleration. (a) Through what total angle did the wheel turn between t = 0 and the time it stopped? (b) At what time did it stop? (c) What was its acceleration as it slowed down?

A safety device brings the blade of a power mower from an initial angular speed of v1 to rest in 1.00 revolution. At the same constant acceleration, how many revolutions would it take the blade to come to rest from an initial angular speed v3 that was three times as great, v3 = 3v1?

In a charming 19th-century hotel, an old-style elevator is connected to a counterweight by a cable that passes over a rotating disk 2.50 m in diameter (Fig. E9.18). The elevator is raised and lowered by turning the disk, and the cable does not slip on the rim of the disk but turns with it. (a) At how many rpm must the disk turn to raise the elevator at 25.0 cm>s? (b) To start the elevator moving, it must be accelerated at 1 8 g. What must be the angular acceleration of the disk, in rad>s 2 ? (c) Through what angle (in radians and degrees) has the disk turned when it has raised the elevator 3.25 m between floors?

Using Appendix F, along with the fact that the earth spins on its axis once per day, calculate (a) the earths orbital angular speed (in rad>s) due to its motion around the sun, (b) its angular speed (in rad>s) due to its axial spin, (c) the tangential speed of the earth around the sun (assuming a circular orbit), (d) the tangential speed of a point on the earths equator due to the planets axial spin, and (e) the radial and tangential acceleration components of the point in part (d).

Compact Disc. A compact disc (CD) stores music in a coded pattern of tiny pits \(10^{-7}\) m deep. The pits are arranged in a track that spirals outward toward the rim of the disc; the inner and outer radii of this spiral are 25.0 mm and 58.0 mm, respectively. As the disc spins inside a CD player, the track is scanned at a constant linear speed of 1.25 m/s. (a) What is the angular speed of the CD when the innermost part of the track is scanned? The outermost part of the track? (b) The maximum playing time of a CD is 74.0 min. What would be the length of the track on such a maximum-duration CD if it were stretched out in a straight line? (c) What is the average angular acceleration of a maximum duration CD during its 74.0-min playing time? Take the direction of rotation of the disc to be positive.

A wheel of diameter 40.0 cm starts from rest and rotates with a constant angular acceleration of 3.00 rad>s 2 . Compute the radial acceleration of a point on the rim for the instant the wheel completes its second revolution from the relationship (a) arad = v2 r and (b) arad = v2>r.

You are to design a rotating cylindrical axle to lift 800-N buckets of cement from the ground to a rooftop 78.0 m above the ground. The buckets will be attached to a hook on the free end of a cable that wraps around the rim of the axle; as the axle turns, the buckets will rise. (a) What should the diameter of the axle be in order to raise the buckets at a steady 2.00 cm>s when it is turning at 7.5 rpm? (b) If instead the axle must give the buckets an upward acceleration of 0.400 m>s 2 , what should the angular acceleration of the axle be?

A flywheel with a radius of 0.300 m starts from rest and accelerates with a constant angular acceleration of 0.600 rad>s 2 . Compute the magnitude of the tangential acceleration, the radial acceleration, and the resultant acceleration of a point on its rim (a) at the start; (b) after it has turned through 60.0; (c) after it has turned through 120.0.

An electric turntable 0.750 m in diameter is rotating about a fixed axis with an initial angular velocity of 0.250 rev>s and a constant angular acceleration of 0.900 rev>s 2 . (a) Compute the angular velocity of the turntable after 0.200 s. (b) Through how many revolutions has the turntable spun in this time interval? (c) What is the tangential speed of a point on the rim of the turntable at t = 0.200 s? (d) What is the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on the rim at t = 0.200 s?

Centrifuge. An advertisement claims that a centrifuge takes up only 0.127 m of bench space but can produce a radial acceleration of 3000g at 5000 rev>min. Calculate the required radius of the centrifuge. Is the claim realistic?

At t = 3.00 s a point on the rim of a 0.200-m-radius wheel has a tangential speed of 50.0 m>s as the wheel slows down with a tangential acceleration of constant magnitude 10.0 m>s 2 . (a) Calculate the wheels constant angular acceleration. (b) Calculate the angular velocities at t = 3.00 s and t = 0. (c) Through what angle did the wheel turn between t = 0 and t = 3.00 s? (d) At what time will the radial acceleration equal g?

Electric Drill. According to the shop manual, when drilling a 12.7-mm-diameter hole in wood, plastic, or aluminum, a drill should have a speed of 1250 rev>min. For a 12.7-mmdiameter drill bit turning at a constant 1250 rev>min, find (a) the maximum linear speed of any part of the bit and (b) the maximum radial acceleration of any part of the bit.

Four small spheres, each of which you can regard as a point of mass 0.200 kg, are arranged in a square 0.400 m on a side and connected by extremely light rods (Fig. E9.28). Find the moment of inertia of the system about an axis (a) through the center of the square, perpendicular to its plane (an axis through point O in the figure); (b) bisecting two opposite sides of the square (an axis along the line AB in the figure); (c) that passes through the centers of the upper left and lower right spheres and through point O.

Calculate the moment of inertia of each of the following uniform objects about the axes indicated. Consult Table 9.2 as needed. (a) A thin 2.50-kg rod of length 75.0 cm, about an axis perpendicular to it and passing through (i) one end and (ii) its center, and (iii) about an axis parallel to the rod and passing through it. (b) A 3.00-kg sphere 38.0 cm in diameter, about an axis through its center, if the sphere is (i) solid and (ii) a thin-walled hollow shell. (c) An 8.00-kg cylinder, of length 19.5 cm and diameter 12.0 cm, about the central axis of the cylinder, if the cylinder is (i) thin-walled and hollow, and (ii) solid.

Small blocks, each with mass m, are clamped at the ends and at the center of a rod of length L and negligible mass. Compute the moment of inertia of the system about an axis perpendicular to the rod and passing through (a) the center of the rod and (b) a point one-fourth of the length from one end.

A uniform bar has two small balls glued to its ends. The bar is 2.00 m long and has mass 4.00 kg, while the balls each have mass 0.300 kg and can be treated as point masses. Find the moment of inertia of this combination about an axis (a) perpendicular to the bar through its center; (b) perpendicular to the bar through one of the balls; (c) parallel to the bar through both balls; and (d) parallel to the bar and 0.500 m from it.

You are a project manager for a manufacturing company. One of the machine parts on the assembly line is a thin, uniform rod that is 60.0 cm long and has mass 0.400 kg. (a) What is the moment of inertia of this rod for an axis at its center, perpendicular to the rod? (b) One of your engineers has proposed to reduce the moment of inertia by bending the rod at its center into a V-shape, with a \(60.0^0\) angle at its vertex. What would be the moment of inertia of this bent rod about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the V at its vertex?

A wagon wheel is constructed as shown in Fig. E9.33. The radius of the wheel is 0.300 m, and the rim has mass 1.40 kg. Each of the eight spokes that lie along a diameter and are 0.300 m long has mass 0.280 kg. What is the moment of inertia of the wheel about an axis through its center and perpendicular to the plane of the wheel? (Use Table 9.2.)

An airplane propeller is 2.08 m in length (from tip to tip) with mass 117 kg and is rotating at 2400 rpm 1rev>min2 about an axis through its center. You can model the propeller as a slender rod. (a) What is its rotational kinetic energy? (b) Suppose that, due to weight constraints, you had to reduce the propellers mass to 75.0% of its original mass, but you still needed to keep the same size and kinetic energy. What would its angular speed have to be, in rpm?

A compound disk of outside diameter 140.0 cm is made up of a uniform solid disk of radius 50.0 cm and area density 3.00 g>cm2 surrounded by a concentric ring of inner radius 50.0 cm, outer radius 70.0 cm, and area density 2.00 g>cm2 . Find the moment of inertia of this object about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the object and passing through its center.

A wheel is turning about an axis through its center with constant angular acceleration. Starting from rest, at t = 0, the wheel turns through 8.20 revolutions in 12.0 s. At t = 12.0 s the kinetic energy of the wheel is 36.0 J. For an axis through its center, what is the moment of inertia of the wheel?

A uniform sphere with mass 28.0 kg and radius 0.380 m is rotating at constant angular velocity about a stationary axis that lies along a diameter of the sphere. If the kinetic energy of the sphere is 236 J, what is the tangential velocity of a point on the rim of the sphere?

A hollow spherical shell has mass 8.20 kg and radius 0.220 m. It is initially at rest and then rotates about a stationary axis that lies along a diameter with a constant acceleration of 0.890 rad>s 2 . What is the kinetic energy of the shell after it has turned through 6.00 rev?

The flywheel of a gasoline engine is required to give up 500 J of kinetic energy while its angular velocity decreases from 650 rev>min to 520 rev>min. What moment of inertia is required?

You need to design an industrial turntable that is 60.0 cm in diameter and has a kinetic energy of 0.250 J when turning at 45.0 rpm 1rev>min2. (a) What must be the moment of inertia of the turntable about the rotation axis? (b) If your workshop makes this turntable in the shape of a uniform solid disk, what must be its mass?

Energy is to be stored in a 70.0-kg flywheel in the shape of a uniform solid disk with radius R = 1.20 m. To prevent structural failure of the flywheel, the maximum allowed radial acceleration of a point on its rim is 3500 m>s 2 . What is the maximum kinetic energy that can be stored in the flywheel?

A light, flexible rope is wrapped several times around a hollow cylinder, with a weight of 40.0 N and a radius of 0.25 m, that rotates without friction about a fixed horizontal axis. The cylinder is attached to the axle by spokes of a negligible moment of inertia. The cylinder is initially at rest. The free end of the rope is pulled with a constant force P for a distance of 5.00 m, at which point the end of the rope is moving at 6.00 m/s. If the rope does not slip on the cylinder, what is P?

A frictionless pulley has the shape of a uniform solid disk of mass 2.50 kg and radius 20.0 cm. A 1.50-kg stone is attached to a very light wire that is wrapped around the rim of the pulley (Fig. E9.43), and the system is released from rest. (a) How far must the stone fall so that the pulley has 4.50 J of kinetic energy? (b) What percent of the total kinetic energy does the pulley have?

A bucket of mass m is tied to a massless cable that is wrapped around the outer rim of a frictionless uniform pulley of radius R, similar to the system shown in Fig. E9.43. In terms of the stated variables, what must be the moment of inertia of the pulley so that it always has half as much kinetic energy as the bucket?

A thin, light wire is wrapped around the rim of a wheel (Fig. E9.45). The wheel rotates without friction about a stationary horizontal axis that passes through the center of the wheel. The wheel is a uniform disk with radius R = 0.280 m. An object of mass m = 4.20 kg is suspended from the free end of the wire. The system is released from rest and the suspended object descends with constant acceleration. If the suspended object moves downward a distance of 3.00 m in 2.00 s, what is the mass of the wheel?

A uniform 2.00-m ladder of mass 9.00 kg is leaning against a vertical wall while making an angle of 53.0 with the floor. A worker pushes the ladder up against the wall until it is vertical. What is the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the ladder?

How I Scales. If we multiply all the design dimensions of an object by a scaling factor f, its volume and mass will be multiplied by \(f^3\). (a) By what factor will its moment of inertia be multiplied? (b) If a \(\frac{1}{48}-\mathrm {scale}\) model has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.5 J, what will be the kinetic energy for the full-scale object of the same material rotating at the same angular velocity?

Find the moment of inertia of a hoop (a thin-walled, hollow ring) with mass M and radius R about an axis perpendicular to the hoops plane at an edge.

About what axis will a uniform, balsa-wood sphere have the same moment of inertia as does a thin-walled, hollow, lead sphere of the same mass and radius, with the axis along a diameter?

(a) For the thin rectangular plate shown in part (d) of Table 9.2, find the moment of inertia about an axis that lies in the plane of the plate, passes through the center of the plate, and is parallel to the axis shown. (b) Find the moment of inertia of the plate for an axis that lies in the plane of the plate, passes through the center of the plate, and is perpendicular to the axis in part (a).

A thin, rectangular sheet of metal has mass M and sides of length a and b. Use the parallel-axis theorem to calculate the moment of inertia of the sheet for an axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the sheet and that passes through one corner of the sheet

A thin uniform rod of mass M and length L is bent at its center so that the two segments are now perpendicular to each other. Find its moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through (a) the point where the two segments meet and (b) the midpoint of the line connecting its two ends.

Use Eq. (9.20) to calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform, solid disk with mass M and radius R for an axis perpendicular to the plane of the disk and passing through its center.

Use Eq. (9.20) to calculate the moment of inertia of a slender, uniform rod with mass M and length L about an axis at one end, perpendicular to the rod.

A slender rod with length L has a mass per unit length that varies with distance from the left end, where x = 0, according to dm>dx = gx, where g has units of kg>m2 . (a) Calculate the total mass of the rod in terms of g and L. (b) Use Eq. (9.20) to calculate the moment of inertia of the rod for an axis at the left end, perpendicular to the rod. Use the expression you derived in part (a) to express I in terms of M and L. How does your result compare to that for a uniform rod? Explain. (c) Repeat part (b) for an axis at the right end of the rod. How do the results for parts (b) and (c) compare? Explain.

A uniform disk with radius R = 0.400 m and mass 30.0 kg rotates in a horizontal plane on a frictionless vertical axle that passes through the center of the disk. The angle through which the disk has turned varies with time according to u1t2 = 11.10 rad>s2t + 16.30 rad>s 2 2t 2 . What is the resultant linear acceleration of a point on the rim of the disk at the instant when the disk has turned through 0.100 rev?

A circular saw blade with radius 0.120 m starts from rest and turns in a vertical plane with a constant angular acceleration of 2.00 rev>s 2 . After the blade has turned through 155 rev, a small piece of the blade breaks loose from the top of the blade. After the piece breaks loose, it travels with a velocity that is initially horizontal and equal to the tangential velocity of the rim of the blade. The piece travels a vertical distance of 0.820 m to the floor. How far does the piece travel horizontally, from where it broke off the blade until it strikes the floor?

A roller in a printing press turns through an angle u1t2 given by u1t2 = gt 2 - bt 3 , where g = 3.20 rad>s 2 and b = 0.500 rad>s 3 . (a) Calculate the angular velocity of the roller as a function of time. (b) Calculate the angular acceleration of the roller as a function of time. (c) What is the maximum positive angular velocity, and at what value of t does it occur?

A disk of radius 25.0 cm is free to turn about an axle perpendicular to it through its center. It has very thin but strong string wrapped around its rim, and the string is attached to a ball that is pulled tangentially away from the rim of the disk (Fig. P9.59). The pull increases in magnitude and produces an acceleration of the ball that obeys the equation a1t2 = At, where t is in seconds and A is a constant. The cylinder starts from rest, and at the end of the third second, the balls acceleration is 1.80 m>s 2 . (a) Find A. (b) Express the angular acceleration of the disk as a function of time. (c) How much time after the disk has begun to turn does it reach an angular speed of 15.0 rad>s? (d) Through what angle has the disk turned just as it reaches 15.0 rad>s? (Hint: See Section 2.6.)

You are designing a rotating metal flywheel that will be used to store energy. The flywheel is to be a uniform disk with radius 25.0 cm. Starting from rest at t = 0, the flywheel rotates with constant angular acceleration 3.00 rad>s 2 about an axis perpendicular to the flywheel at its center. If the flywheel has a density (mass per unit volume) of 8600 kg>m3 , what thickness must it have to store 800 J of kinetic energy at t = 8.00 s?

You must design a device for shooting a small marble vertically upward. The marble is in a small cup that is attached to the rim of a wheel of radius 0.260 m; the cup is covered by a lid. The wheel starts from rest and rotates about a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to the wheel at its center. After the wheel has turned through 20.0 rev, the cup is the same height as the center of the wheel. At this point in the motion, the lid opens and the marble travels vertically upward to a maximum height h above the center of the wheel. If the wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration \(\alpha\), what value of \(\alpha\) is required for the marble to reach a height of h = 12.0 m?

Engineers are designing a system by which a falling mass m imparts kinetic energy to a rotating uniform drum to which it is attached by thin, very light wire wrapped around the rim of the drum (Fig. P9.62). There is no appreciable friction in the axle of the drum, and everything starts from rest. This system is being tested on earth, but it is to be used on Mars, where the acceleration due to gravity is 3.71 m>s 2 . In the earth tests, when m is set to 15.0 kg and allowed to fall through 5.00 m, it gives 250.0 J of kinetic energy to the drum. (a) If the system is operated on Mars, through what distance would the 15.0-kg mass have to fall to give the same amount of kinetic energy to the drum? (b) How fast would the 15.0-kg mass be moving on Mars just as the drum gained 250.0 J of kinetic energy?

A vacuum cleaner belt is looped over a shaft of radius 0.45 cm and a wheel of radius 1.80 cm. The arrangement of the belt, shaft, and wheel is similar to that of the chain and sprockets in Fig. Q9.4. The motor turns the shaft at 60.0 rev>s and the moving belt turns the wheel, which in turn is connected by another shaft to the roller that beats the dirt out of the rug being vacuumed. Assume that the belt doesnt slip on either the shaft or the wheel. (a) What is the speed of a point on the belt? (b) What is the angular velocity of the wheel, in rad>s?

The motor of a table saw is rotating at 3450 rev>min. A pulley attached to the motor shaft drives a second pulley of half the diameter by means of a V-belt. A circular saw blade of diameter 0.208 m is mounted on the same rotating shaft as the second pulley. (a) The operator is careless and the blade catches and throws back a small piece of wood. This piece of wood moves with linear speed equal to the tangential speed of the rim of the blade. What is this speed? (b) Calculate the radial acceleration of points on the outer edge of the blade to see why sawdust doesnt stick to its teeth.

While riding a multispeed bicycle, the rider can select the radius of the rear sprocket that is fixed to the rear axle. The front sprocket of a bicycle has radius 12.0 cm. If the angular speed of the front sprocket is 0.600 rev>s, what is the radius of the rear sprocket for which the tangential speed of a point on the rim of the rear wheel will be 5.00 m>s? The rear wheel has radius 0.330 m

A computer disk drive is turned on starting from rest and has constant angular acceleration. If it took 0.0865 s for the drive to make its second complete revolution, (a) how long did it take to make the first complete revolution, and (b) what is its angular acceleration, in \(\mathrm{rad/s}^2\)?

It has been argued that power plants should make use of off-peak hours (such as late at night) to generate mechanical energy and store it until it is needed during peak load times, such as the middle of the day. One suggestion has been to store the energy in large flywheels spinning on nearly frictionless ball bearings. Consider a flywheel made of iron (density 7800 kg>m3 ) in the shape of a 10.0-cm-thick uniform disk. (a) What would the diameter of such a disk need to be if it is to store 10.0 megajoules of kinetic energy when spinning at 90.0 rpm about an axis perpendicular to the disk at its center? (b) What would be the centripetal acceleration of a point on its rim when spinning at this rate?

A uniform disk has radius R0 and mass M0. Its moment of inertia for an axis perpendicular to the plane of the disk at the disks center is 1 2 M0R 2 0 . You have been asked to halve the disks moment of inertia by cutting out a circular piece at the center of the disk. In terms of R0, what should be the radius of the circular piece that you remove?

Measuring I. As an intern at an engineering firm, you are asked to measure the moment of inertia of a large wheel for rotation about an axis perpendicular to the wheel at its center. You measure the diameter of the wheel to be 0.640 m. Then you mount the wheel on frictionless bearings on a horizontal frictionless axle at the center of the wheel. You wrap a light rope around the wheel and hang an 8.20-kg block of wood from the free end of the rope, as in Fig. E9.45. You release the system from rest and find that the block descends 12.0 m in 4.00 s. What is the moment of inertia of the wheel for this axis?

A uniform, solid disk with mass m and radius R is pivoted about a horizontal axis through its center. A small object of the same mass m is glued to the rim of the disk. If the disk is released from rest with the small object at the end of a horizontal radius, find the angular speed when the small object is directly below the axis.

A meter stick with a mass of 0.180 kg is pivoted about one end so it can rotate without friction about a horizontal axis. The meter stick is held in a horizontal position and released. As it swings through the vertical, calculate (a) the change in gravitational potential energy that has occurred; (b) the angular speed of the stick; (c) the linear speed of the end of the stick opposite the axis. (d) Compare the answer in part (c) to the speed of a particle that has fallen 1.00 m, starting from rest.

A physics student of mass 43.0 kg is standing at the edge of the flat roof of a building, 12.0 m above the sidewalk. An unfriendly dog is running across the roof toward her. Next to her is a large wheel mounted on a horizontal axle at its center. The wheel, used to lift objects from the ground to the roof, has a light crank attached to it and a light rope wrapped around it; the free end of the rope hangs over the edge of the roof. The student grabs the end of the rope and steps off the roof. If the wheel has radius 0.300 m and a moment of inertia of 9.60 kg # m2 for rotation about the axle, how long does it take her to reach the sidewalk, and how fast will she be moving just before she lands? Ignore friction.

A slender rod is 80.0 cm long and has mass 0.120 kg. A small 0.0200-kg sphere is welded to one end of the rod, and a small 0.0500-kg sphere is welded to the other end. The rod, pivoting about a stationary, frictionless axis at its center, is held horizontal and released from rest. What is the linear speed of the 0.0500-kg sphere as it passes through its lowest point?

Exactly one turn of a flexible rope with mass m is wrapped around a uniform cylinder with mass M and radius R. The cylinder rotates without friction about a horizontal axle along the cylinder axis. One end of the rope is attached to the cylinder. The cylinder starts with angular speed v0. After one revolution of the cylinder the rope has unwrapped and, at this instant, hangs vertically down, tangent to the cylinder. Find the angular speed of the cylinder and the linear speed of the lower end of the rope at this time. Ignore the thickness of the rope. [Hint: Use Eq. (9.18).]

The pulley in Fig. P9.75 has radius R and a moment of inertia I. The rope does not slip over the pulley, and the pulley spins on a frictionless axle. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the tabletop is mk. The system is released from rest, and block B descends. Block A has mass mA and block B has mass mB. Use energy methods to calculate the speed of block B as a function of the distance d that it has descended.

The pulley in Fig. P9.76 has radius 0.160 m and moment of inertia \(0.380\mathrm{\ kg}\cdot\mathrm{m}^2\). The rope does not slip on the pulley rim. Use energy methods to calculate the speed of the 4.00-kg block just before it strikes the floor.

Two metal disks, one with radius R1 = 2.50 cm and mass M1 = 0.80 kg and the other with radius R2 = 5.00 cm and mass M2 = 1.60 kg, are welded together and mounted on a frictionless axis through their common center (Fig. P9.77). (a) What is the total moment of inertia of the two disks? (b) A light string is wrapped around the edge of the smaller disk, and a 1.50-kg block is suspended from the free end of the string. If the block is released from rest at a distance of 2.00 m above the floor, what is its speed just before it strikes the floor? (c) Repeat part (b), this time with the string wrapped around the edge of the larger disk. In which case is the final speed of the block greater? Explain.

A thin, light wire is wrapped around the rim of a wheel as shown in Fig. E9.45. The wheel rotates about a stationary horizontal axle that passes through the center of the wheel. The wheel has radius 0.180 m and moment of inertia for rotation about the axle of I = 0.480 kg # m2 . A small block with mass 0.340 kg is suspended from the free end of the wire. When the system is released from rest, the block descends with constant acceleration. The bearings in the wheel at the axle are rusty, so friction there does -9.00 J of work as the block descends 3.00 m. What is the magnitude of the angular velocity of the wheel after the block has descended 3.00 m?

In the system shown in Fig. 9.17, a 12.0-kg mass is released from rest and falls, causing the uniform 10.0-kg cylinder of diameter 30.0 cm to turn about a frictionless axle through its center. How far will the mass have to descend to give the cylinder 480 J of kinetic energy?

In Fig. P9.80, the cylinder and pulley turn without friction about stationary horizontal axles that pass through their centers. A light rope is wrapped around the cylinder, passes over the pulley, and has a 3.00-kg box suspended from its free end. There is no slipping between the rope and the pulley surface. The uniform cylinder has mass 5.00 kg and radius 40.0 cm. The pulley is a uniform disk with mass 2.00 kg and radius 20.0 cm. The box is released from rest and descends as the rope unwraps from the cylinder. Find the speed of the box when it has fallen 2.50 m.

The Kinetic Energy of Walking. If a person of mass M simply moved forward with speed V, his kinetic energy would be 1 2 MV2 . However, in addition to possessing a forward motion, various parts of his body (such as the arms and legs) undergo rotation. Therefore, his total kinetic energy is the sum of the energy from his forward motion plus the rotational kinetic energy of his arms and legs. The purpose of this problem is to see how much this rotational motion contributes to the persons kinetic energy. Biomedical measurements show that the arms and hands together typically make up 13% of a persons mass, while the legs and feet together account for 37%. For a rough (but reasonable) calculation, we can model the arms and legs as thin uniform bars pivoting about the shoulder and hip, respectively. In a brisk walk, the arms and legs each move through an angle of about {30 (a total of 60) from the vertical in approximately 1 second. Assume that they are held straight, rather than being bent, which is not quite true. Consider a 75-kg person walking at 5.0 km>h, having arms 70 cm long and legs 90 cm long. (a) What is the average angular velocity of his arms and legs? (b) Using the average angular velocity from part (a), calculate the amount of rotational kinetic energy in this persons arms and legs as he walks. (c) What is the total kinetic energy due to both his forward motion and his rotation? (d) What percentage of his kinetic energy is due to the rotation of his legs and arms?

The Kinetic Energy of Running. Using Problem 9.81 as a guide, apply it to a person running at 12 km>h, with his arms and legs each swinging through {30 in 1 2 s. As before, assume that the arms and legs are kept straight.

Human Rotational Energy. A dancer is spinning at 72 rpm about an axis through her center with her arms outstretched (Fig. P9.83). From biomedical measurements, the typical distribution of mass in a human body is as follows: Head: 7.0% Arms: 13% (for both) Trunk and legs: 80.0% Suppose you are this dancer. Using this information plus length measurements on your own body, calculate (a) your moment of inertia about your spin axis and (b) your rotational kinetic energy. Use Table 9.2 to model reasonable approximations for the pertinent parts of your body

A thin, uniform rod is bent into a square of side length a. If the total mass is M, find the moment of inertia about an axis through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the square. (Hint: Use the parallel-axis theorem.)

A sphere with radius R = 0.200 m has density r that decreases with distance r from the center of the sphere according to r = 3.00 * 103 kg>m3 - 19.00 * 103 kg>m4 2r. (a) Calculate the total mass of the sphere. (b) Calculate the moment of inertia of the sphere for an axis along a diameter.

Neutron Stars and Supernova Remnants. The Crab Nebula is a cloud of glowing gas about 10 lightyears across, located about 6500 light-years from the earth (Fig. P9.86). It is the remnant of a star that underwent a supernova explosion, seen on earth in 1054 A.D. Energy is released by the Crab Nebula at a rate of about 5 * 1031 W, about 105 times the rate at which the sun radiates energy. The Crab Nebula obtains its energy from the rotational kinetic energy of a rapidly spinning neutron star at its center. This object rotates once every 0.0331 s, and this period is increasing by 4.22 * 10-13 s for each second of time that elapses. (a) If the rate at which energy is lost by the neutron star is equal to the rate at which energy is released by the nebula, find the moment of inertia of the neutron star. (b) Theories of supernovae predict that the neutron star in the Crab Nebula has a mass about 1.4 times that of the sun. Modeling the neutron star as a solid uniform sphere, calculate its radius in kilometers. (c) What is the linear speed of a point on the equator of the neutron star? Compare to the speed of light. (d) Assume that the neutron star is uniform and calculate its density. Compare to the density of ordinary rock 13000 kg>m3 2 and to the density of an atomic nucleus (about 1017 kg>m3 ). Justify the statement that a neutron star is essentially a large atomic nucleus.

A technician is testing a computer-controlled, variable-speed motor. She attaches a thin disk to the motor shaft, with the shaft at the center of the disk. The disk starts from rest, and sensors attached to the motor shaft measure the angular acceleration az of the shaft as a function of time. The results from one test run are shown in Fig. P9.87: (a) Through how many revolutions has the disk turned in the first 5.0 s? Can you use Eq. (9.11)? Explain. What is the angular velocity, in rad>s, of the disk (b) at t = 5.0 s; (c) when it has turned through 2.00 rev?

You are analyzing the motion of a large flywheel that has radius 0.800 m. In one test run, the wheel starts from rest and turns with constant angular acceleration. An accelerometer on the rim of the flywheel measures the magnitude of the resultant acceleration a of a point on the rim of the flywheel as a function of the angle u - u0 through which the wheel has turned. You collect these results: U U0 1rad2 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 a 1m,s 2 2 0.678 1.07 1.52 1.98 2.45 2.92 3.39 3.87 Construct a graph of a2 (in m2>s 4 ) versus 1u - u022 in (rad2 ). (a) What are the slope and y-intercept of the straight line that gives the best fit to the data? (b) Use the slope from part (a) to find the angular acceleration of the flywheel. (c) What is the linear speed of a point on the rim of the flywheel when the wheel has turned through an angle of 135? (d) When the flywheel has turned through an angle of 90.0, what is the angle between the linear velocity of a point on its rim and the resultant acceleration of that point?

You are rebuilding a 1965 Chevrolet. To decide whether to replace the flywheel with a newer, lighter-weight one, you want to determine the moment of inertia of the original, 35.6-cm-diameter flywheel. It is not a uniform disk, so you cant use I = 1 2 MR2 to calculate the moment of inertia. You remove the flywheel from the car and use low-friction bearings to mount it on a horizontal, stationary rod that passes through the center of the flywheel, which can then rotate freely (about 2 m above the ground). After gluing one end of a long piece of flexible fishing line to the rim of the flywheel, you wrap the line a number of turns around the rim and suspend a 5.60-kg metal block from the free end of the line. When you release the block from rest, it descends as the flywheel rotates. With high-speed photography you measure the distance d the block has moved downward as a function of the time since it was released. The equation for the graph shown in Fig. P9.89 that gives a good fit to the data points is d = 1165 cm>s 2 2t 2 . (a) Based on the graph, does the block fall with constant acceleration? Explain. (b) Use the graph to calculate the speed of the block when it has descended 1.50 m. (c) Apply conservation of mechanical energy to the system of flywheel and block to calculate the moment of inertia of the flywheel. (d) You are relieved that the fishing line doesnt break. Apply Newtons second law to the block to find the tension in the line as the block descended.

Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform solid cone about an axis through its center (Fig. P9.90). The cone has mass M and altitude h. The radius of its circular base is R.

On a compact disc (CD), music is coded in a pattern of tiny pits arranged in a track that spirals outward toward the rim of the disc. As the disc spins inside a CD player, the track is scanned at a constant linear speed of v=1.25 m/s. Because the radius of the track varies as it spirals outward, the angular speed of the disc must change as the CD is played. (See Exercise 9.20.) Let's see what angular acceleration is required to keep v constant. The equation of a spiral is \(r(\theta)=r_0+\beta \theta\), where \(r_0\) is the radius of the spiral at \(\theta=0\) and \(\beta\) is a constant. On a \(\mathrm{CD}, r_0\) is the inner radius of the spiral track. If we take the rotation direction of the CD to be positive, \(\beta\) must be positive so that r increases as the disc turns and \(\theta\) increases. (a) When the disc rotates through a small angle \(d \theta\), the distance scanned along the track is \(d s=r d \theta\). Using the above expression for \(r(\theta)\), integrate ds to find the total distance s scanned along the track as a function of the total angle \(\theta\) through which the disc has rotated. (b) Since the track is scanned at a constant linear speed v, the distance s found in part (a) is equal to vt. Use this to find \(\theta\) as a function of time. There will be two solutions for \(\theta\); choose the positive one, and explain why this is the solution to choose. (c) Use your expression for \(\theta(t)\) to find the angular velocity \(\omega_z\) and the angular acceleration \(\alpha_z\) as functions of time. Is \(\alpha_z\) constant? (d) On a CD, the inner radius of the track is 25.0 mm, the track radius increases by \(1.55 \ \mu \mathrm{m}\) per revolution, and the playing time is 74.0 min. Find \(r_0, \beta\), and the total number of revolutions made during the playing time. (e) Using your results from parts (c) and (d), make graphs of \(\omega_z\) (in rad/s) versus t and \(\alpha_z\) (in rad \(/ \mathrm{s}^2\) ) versus t between t = 0 and t = 74.0 min.

A field researcher uses the slow-motion feature on her phones camera to shoot a video of an eel spinning at its maximum rate. The camera records at 120 frames per second. Through what angle does the eel rotate from one frame to the next? (a) 1; (b) 10; (c) 22; (d) 42

The eel is observed to spin at 14 spins per second clockwise, and 10 seconds later it is observed to spin at 8 spins per second counterclockwise. What is the magnitude of the eels average angular acceleration during this time? (a) 6>10 rad>s 2 ; (b) 6p>10 rad>s 2 ; (c) 12p>10 rad>s 2 ; (d) 44p>10 rad>s 2 .

The eel has a certain amount of rotational kinetic energy when spinning at 14 spins per second. If it swam in a straight line instead, about how fast would the eel have to swim to have the same amount of kinetic energy as when it is spinning? (a) 0.5 m>s; (b) 0.7 m>s; (c) 3 m>s; (d) 5 m>s

A new species of eel is found to have the same mass but one-quarter the length and twice the diameter of the American eel. How does its moment of inertia for spinning around its long axis compare to that of the American eel? The new species has (a) half the moment of inertia as the American eel; (b) the same moment of inertia as the American eel; (c) twice the moment of inertia as the American eel; (d) four times the moment of inertia as the American eel.