Solved: Fish Navigation. (a) As you can tell by watching

A cube of oak wood with very smooth faces normally floats in water. Suppose you submerge it completely and press one face flat against the bottom of a tank so that no water is under that face. Will the block float to the surface? Is there a buoyant force on it? Explain.

A rubber hose is attached to a funnel, and the free end is bent around to point upward. When water is poured into the funnel, it rises in the hose to the same level as in the funnel, even though the funnel has a lot more water in it than the hose does. Why? What supports the extra weight of the water in the funnel?

Comparing Example 12.1 (Section 12.1) and Example 12.2 (Section 12.2), it seems that 700 N of air is exerting a downward force of \(2.0\times10^6\ N\) on the floor. How is this possible?

Equation (12.7) shows that an area ratio of 100 to 1 can give 100 times more output force than input force. Doesnt this violate conservation of energy? Explain.

You have probably noticed that the lower the tire pressure, the larger the contact area between the tire and the road. Why?

In hot-air ballooning, a large balloon is filled with air heated by a gas burner at the bottom. Why must the air be heated? How does the balloonist control ascent and descent?

In describing the size of a large ship, one uses such expressions as “it displaces 20,000 tons.” What does this mean? Can the weight of the ship be obtained from this information?

You drop a solid sphere of aluminum in a bucket of water that sits on the ground. The buoyant force equals the weight of water displaced; this is less than the weight of the sphere, so the sphere sinks to the bottom. If you take the bucket with you on an elevator that accelerates upward, the apparent weight of the water increases and the buoyant force on the sphere increases. Could the acceleration of the elevator be great enough to make the sphere pop up out of the water? Explain.

A rigid, lighter-than-air dirigible filled with helium cannot continue to rise indefinitely. Why? What determines the maximum height it can attain?

Which has a greater buoyant force on it: a 25@cm3 piece of wood floating with part of its volume above water or a 25@cm3 piece of submerged iron? Or, must you know their masses before you can answer? Explain.

The purity of gold can be tested by weighing it in air and in water. How? Do you think you could get away with making a fake gold brick by gold-plating some cheaper material?

During the Great Mississippi Flood of 1993, the levees in St. Louis tended to rupture first at the bottom. Why?

A cargo ship travels from the Atlantic Ocean (salt water) to Lake Ontario (freshwater) via the St. Lawrence River. The ship rides several centimeters lower in the water in Lake Ontario than it did in the ocean. Explain

You push a piece of wood under the surface of a swimming pool. After it is completely submerged, you keep pushing it deeper and deeper. As you do this, what will happen to the buoyant force on it? Will the force keep increasing, stay the same, or decrease? Why?

An old question is Which weighs more, a pound of feathers or a pound of lead? If the weight in pounds is the gravitational force, will a pound of feathers balance a pound of lead on opposite pans of an equal-arm balance? Explain, taking into account buoyant forces.

Suppose the door of a room makes an airtight but frictionless fit in its frame. Do you think you could open the door if the air pressure on one side were standard atmospheric pressure and the air pressure on the other side differed from standard by 1%? Explain.

At a certain depth in an incompressible liquid, the absolute pressure is p. At twice this depth, will the absolute pressure be equal to 2p, greater than 2p, or less than 2p? Justify your answer

A piece of iron is glued to the top of a block of wood. When the block is placed in a bucket of water with the iron on top, the block floats. The block is now turned over so that the iron is submerged beneath the wood. Does the block float or sink? Does the water level in the bucket rise, drop, or stay the same? Explain.

You take an empty glass jar and push it into a tank of water with the open mouth of the jar downward, so that the air inside the jar is trapped and cannot get out. If you push the jar deeper into the water, does the buoyant force on the jar stay the same? If not, does it increase or decrease? Explain.

You are floating in a canoe in the middle of a swimming pool. Your friend is at the edge of the pool, carefully noting the level of the water on the side of the pool. You have a bowling ball with you in the canoe. If you carefully drop the bowling ball over the side of the canoe and it sinks to the bottom of the pool, does the water level in the pool rise or fall?

You are floating in a canoe in the middle of a swimming pool. A large bird flies up and lights on your shoulder. Does the water level in the pool rise or fall?

Two identical buckets are filled to the brim with water, but one of them has a piece of wood floating in it. Which bucket of water weighs more? Explain.

An ice cube floats in a glass of water. When the ice melts, will the water level in the glass rise, fall, or remain unchanged? Explain

A helium-filled balloon is tied to a light string inside a car at rest. The other end of the string is attached to the floor of the car, so the balloon pulls the string vertical. The car now accelerates forward. Does the balloon move? If so, does it move forward or backward? Justify your reasoning with reference to buoyancy. (If you have a chance, try this experiment yourself but with someone else driving!)

If the velocity at each point in space in steady-state fluid flow is constant, how can a fluid particle accelerate?

In a store-window vacuum cleaner display, a table-tennis ball is suspended in midair in a jet of air blown from the outlet hose of a tank-type vacuum cleaner. The ball bounces around a little but always moves back toward the center of the jet, even if the jet is tilted from the vertical. How does this behavior illustrate Bernoullis equation?

A tornado consists of a rapidly whirling air vortex. Why is the pressure always much lower in the center than at the outside? How does this condition account for the destructive power of a tornado?

Airports at high elevations have longer runways for takeoffs and landings than do airports at sea level. One reason is that aircraft engines develop less power in the thin air well above sea level. What is another reason?

When a smooth-flowing stream of water comes out of a faucet, it narrows as it falls. Explain.

Identical-size lead and aluminum cubes are suspended at different depths by two wires in a large vat of water (Fig. Q12.30). (a) Which cube experiences a greater buoyant force? (b) For which cube is the tension in the wire greater? (c) Which cube experiences a greater force on its lower face? (d) For which cube is the difference in pressure between the upper and lower faces greater?

On a part-time job, you are asked to bring a cylindrical iron rod of length 85.8 cm and diameter 2.85 cm from a storage room to a machinist. Will you need a cart? (To answer, calculate the weight of the rod.)

A cube 5.0 cm on each side is made of a metal alloy. After you drill a cylindrical hole 2.0 cm in diameter all the way through and perpendicular to one face, you find that the cube weighs 6.30 N. (a) What is the density of this metal? (b) What did the cube weigh before you drilled the hole in it?

You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that has dimensions 5.0 * 15.0 * 30.0 mm and mass 0.0158 kg. The seller tells you that the metal is gold. To check this, you compute the average density of the piece. What value do you get? Were you cheated?

Gold Brick. You win the lottery and decide to impress your friends by exhibiting a million-dollar cube of gold. At the time, gold is selling for $1282 per troy ounce, and 1.0000 troy ounce equals 31.1035 g. How tall would your million-dollar cube be?

A uniform lead sphere and a uniform aluminum sphere have the same mass. What is the ratio of the radius of the aluminum sphere to the radius of the lead sphere?

(a) What is the average density of the sun? (b) What is the average density of a neutron star that has the same mass as the sun but a radius of only 20.0 km?

A hollow cylindrical copper pipe is 1.50 m long and has an outside diameter of 3.50 cm and an inside diameter of 2.50 cm. How much does it weigh?

Black Smokers. Black smokers are hot volcanic vents that emit smoke deep in the ocean floor. Many of them teem with exotic creatures, and some biologists think that life on earth may have begun around such vents. The vents range in depth from about 1500 m to 3200 m below the surface. What is the gauge pressure at a 3200-m deep vent, assuming that the density of water does not vary? Express your answer in pascals and atmospheres.

An electrical short cuts off all power to a submersible diving vehicle when it is 30 m below the surface of the ocean. The crew must push out a hatch of area \(0.75\mathrm{\ m}^2\) and weight 300 N on the bottom to escape. If the pressure inside is 1.0 atm, what downward force must the crew exert on the hatch to open it?

(a) Calculate the difference in blood pressure between the feet and top of the head for a person who is 1.65 m tall. (b) Consider a cylindrical segment of a blood vessel 2.00 cm long and 1.50 mm in diameter. What additional outward force would such a vessel need to withstand in the persons feet compared to a similar vessel in her head?

In intravenous feeding, a needle is inserted in a vein in the patients arm and a tube leads from the needle to a reservoir of fluid 1density 1050 kg>m3 2 located at height h above the arm. The top of the reservoir is open to the air. If the gauge pressure inside the vein is 5980 Pa, what is the minimum value of h that allows fluid to enter the vein? Assume the needle diameter is large enough that you can ignore the viscosity (see Section 12.6) of the fluid.

A barrel contains a 0.120-m layer of oil floating on water that is 0.250 m deep. The density of the oil is 600 kg>m3 . (a) What is the gauge pressure at the oilwater interface? (b) What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the barrel?

Standing on Your Head. (a) What is the difference between the pressure of the blood in your brain when you stand on your head and the pressure when you stand on your feet? Assume that you are 1.85 m tall. The density of blood is 1060 kg>m3 . (b) What effect does the increased pressure have on the blood vessels in your brain?

You are designing a diving bell to withstand the pressure of seawater at a depth of 250 m. (a) What is the gauge pressure at this depth? (You can ignore changes in the density of the water with depth.) (b) At this depth, what is the net force due to the water outside and the air inside the bell on a circular glass window 30.0 cm in diameter if the pressure inside the diving bell equals the pressure at the surface of the water? (Ignore the small variation of pressure over the surface of the window.)

Ear Damage from Diving. If the force on the tympanic membrane (eardrum) increases by about 1.5 N above the force from atmospheric pressure, the membrane can be damaged. When you go scuba diving in the ocean, below what depth could damage to your eardrum start to occur? The eardrum is typically 8.2 mm in diameter. (Consult Table 12.1.)

The liquid in the open-tube manometer in Fig. 12.8a is mercury, y1 = 3.00 cm, and y2 = 7.00 cm. Atmospheric pressure is 980 millibars. What is (a) the absolute pressure at the bottom of the U-shaped tube; (b) the absolute pressure in the open tube at a depth of 4.00 cm below the free surface; (c) the absolute pressure of the gas in the container; (d) the gauge pressure of the gas in pascals?

There is a maximum depth at which a diver can breathe through a snorkel tube (Fig. E12.17) because as the depth increases, so does the pressure difference, which tends to collapse the divers lungs. Since the snorkel connects the air in the lungs to the atmosphere at the surface, the pressure inside the lungs is atmospheric pressure. What is the external internal pressure difference when the divers lungs are at a depth of 6.1 m (about 20 ft)? Assume that the diver is in freshwater. (A scuba diver breathing from compressed air tanks can operate at greater depths than can a snorkeler, since the pressure of the air inside the scuba divers lungs increases to match the external pressure of the water.)

The lower end of a long plastic straw is immersed below the surface of the water in a plastic cup. An average person sucking on the upper end of the straw can pull water into the straw to a vertical height of 1.1 m above the surface of the water in the cup. (a) What is the lowest gauge pressure that the average person can achieve inside his lungs? (b) Explain why your answer in part (a) is negative.

The lower end of a long plastic straw is immersed below the surface of the water in a plastic cup. An average person sucking on the upper end of the straw can pull water into the straw to a vertical height of 1.1 m above the surface of the water in the cup. (a) What is the lowest gauge pressure that the average person can achieve inside his lungs? (b) Explain why your answer in part (a) is negative

A tall cylinder with a cross-sectional area 12.0 cm2 is partially filled with mercury; the surface of the mercury is 8.00 cm above the bottom of the cylinder. Water is slowly poured in on top of the mercury, and the two fluids dont mix. What volume of water must be added to double the gauge pressure at the bottom of the cylinder?

A cylindrical disk of wood weighing 45.0 N and having a diameter of 30.0 cm floats on a cylinder of oil of density 0.850 g>cm3 (Fig. E12.21). The cylinder of oil is 75.0 cm deep and has a diameter the same as that of the wood. (a) What is the gauge pressure at the top of the oil column? (b) Suppose now that someone puts a weight of 83.0 N on top of the wood, but no oil seeps around the edge of the wood. What is the change in pressure at (i) the bottom of the oil and (ii) halfway down in the oil?

A closed container is partially filled with water. Initially, the air above the water is at atmospheric pressure 11.01 * 105 Pa2 and the gauge pressure at the bottom of the water is 2500 Pa. Then additional air is pumped in, increasing the pressure of the air above the water by 1500 Pa. (a) What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of the water? (b) By how much must the water level in the container be reduced, by drawing some water out through a valve at the bottom of the container, to return the gauge pressure at the bottom of the water to its original value of 2500 Pa? The pressure of the air above the water is maintained at 1500 Pa above atmospheric pressure.

Hydraulic Lift I. For the hydraulic lift shown in Fig. 12.7, what must be the ratio of the diameter of the vessel at the car to the diameter of the vessel where the force F1 is applied so that a 1520-kg car can be lifted with a force F1 of just 125 N?

Hydraulic Lift II. The piston of a hydraulic automobile lift is 0.30 m in diameter. What gauge pressure, in pascals, is required to lift a car with a mass of 1200 kg? Also express this pressure in atmospheres.

Exploring Venus. The surface pressure on Venus is 92 atm, and the acceleration due to gravity there is 0.894g. In a future exploratory mission, an upright cylindrical tank of benzene is sealed at the top but still pressurized at 92 atm just above the benzene. The tank has a diameter of 1.72 m, and the benzene column is 11.50 m tall. Ignore any effects due to the very high temperature on Venus. (a) What total force is exerted on the inside surface of the bottom of the tank? (b) What force does the Venusian atmosphere exert on the outside surface of the bottom of the tank? (c) What total inward force does the atmosphere exert on the vertical walls of the tank?

A rock has mass 1.80 kg. When the rock is suspended from the lower end of a string and totally immersed in water, the tension in the string is 12.8 N. What is the smallest density of a liquid in which the rock will float?

A 950-kg cylindrical can buoy floats vertically in seawater. The diameter of the buoy is 0.900 m. Calculate the additional distance the buoy will sink when an 80.0-kg man stands on top of it

A slab of ice floats on a freshwater lake. What minimum volume must the slab have for a 65.0-kg woman to be able to stand on it without getting her feet wet?

An ore sample weighs 17.50 N in air. When the sample is suspended by a light cord and totally immersed in water, the tension in the cord is 11.20 N. Find the total volume and the density of the sample.

You purchase a rectangular piece of metal that has dimensions \(5.0 \times15.0 \times 30.0\mathrm{\ mm}\) and mass 0.0158 kg. The seller tells you that the metal is gold. To check this, you compute the average density of the piece. What value do you get? Were you cheated?

A rock with density 1200 kg>m3 is suspended from the lower end of a light string. When the rock is in air, the tension in the string is 28.0 N. What is the tension in the string when the rock is totally immersed in a liquid with density 750 kg>m3 ?

A hollow plastic sphere is held below the surface of a freshwater lake by a cord anchored to the bottom of the lake. The sphere has a volume of \(0.650 \ \mathrm{m}^3\) and the tension in the cord is 1120 N. (a) Calculate the buoyant force exerted by the water on the sphere. (b) What is the mass of the sphere? (c) The cord breaks and the sphere rises to the surface. When the sphere comes to rest, what fraction of its volume will be submerged

A cubical block of wood, 10.0 cm on a side, floats at the interface between oil and water with its lower surface 1.50 cm below the interface (Fig. E12.33). The density of the oil is \(790\mathrm{\ kg}/\mathrm{m}^3\). (a) What is the gauge pressure at the upper face of the block? (b) What is the gauge pressure at the lower face of the block? (c) What are the mass and density of the block?

A solid aluminum ingot weighs 89 N in air. (a) What is its volume? (b) The ingot is suspended from a rope and totally immersed in water. What is the tension in the rope (the apparent weight of the ingot in water)?

A rock is suspended by a light string. When the rock is in air, the tension in the string is 39.2 N. When the rock is totally immersed in water, the tension is 28.4 N. When the rock is totally immersed in an unknown liquid, the tension is 21.5 N. What is the density of the unknown liquid?

Water runs into a fountain, filling all the pipes, at a steady rate of 0.750 m3>s. (a) How fast will it shoot out of a hole 4.50 cm in diameter? (b) At what speed will it shoot out if the diameter of the hole is three times as large?

A shower head has 20 circular openings, each with radius 1.0 mm. The shower head is connected to a pipe with radius 0.80 cm. If the speed of water in the pipe is 3.0 m>s, what is its speed as it exits the shower-head openings?

Water is flowing in a pipe with a varying cross-sectional area, and at all points the water completely fills the pipe. At point 1 the cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.070 m2 , and the magnitude of the fluid velocity is 3.50 m>s. (a) What is the fluid speed at points in the pipe where the cross-sectional area is (a) 0.105 m2 and (b) 0.047 m2 ? (c) Calculate the volume of water discharged from the open end of the pipe in 1.00 hour.

Water is flowing in a pipe with a circular cross section but with varying cross-sectional area, and at all points the water completely fills the pipe. (a) At one point in the pipe the radius is 0.150 m. What is the speed of the water at this point if water is flowing into this pipe at a steady rate of 1.20 m3>s? (b) At a second point in the pipe the water speed is 3.80 m>s. What is the radius of the pipe at this point?

Home Repair. You need to extend a 2.50-inch-diameter pipe, but you have only a 1.00-inch-diameter pipe on hand. You make a fitting to connect these pipes end to end. If the water is flowing at 6.00 cm>s in the wide pipe, how fast will it be flowing through the narrow one?

A sealed tank containing seawater to a height of 11.0 m also contains air above the water at a gauge pressure of 3.00 atm. Water flows out from the bottom through a small hole. How fast is this water moving?

Artery Blockage. A medical technician is trying to determine what percentage of a patients artery is blocked by plaque. To do this, she measures the blood pressure just before the region of blockage and finds that it is 1.20 * 104 Pa, while in the region of blockage it is 1.15 * 104 Pa. Furthermore, she knows that blood flowing through the normal artery just before the point of blockage is traveling at 30.0 cm>s, and the specific gravity of this patients blood is 1.06. What percentage of the cross-sectional area of the patients artery is blocked by the plaque?

What gauge pressure is required in the city water mains for a stream from a fire hose connected to the mains to reach a vertical height of 15.0 m? (Assume that the mains have a much larger diameter than the fire hose.)

A small circular hole 6.00 mm in diameter is cut in the side of a large water tank, 14.0 m below the water level in the tank. The top of the tank is open to the air. Find (a) the speed of efflux of the water and (b) the volume discharged per second.

At a certain point in a horizontal pipeline, the waters speed is 2.50 m>s and the gauge pressure is 1.80 * 104 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the line if the cross-sectional area at the second point is twice that at the first.

At one point in a pipeline the waters speed is 3.00 m>s and the gauge pressure is 5.00 * 104 Pa. Find the gauge pressure at a second point in the line, 11.0 m lower than the first, if the pipe diameter at the second point is twice that at the first.

A golf course sprinkler system discharges water from a horizontal pipe at the rate of \(7200 \ \mathrm{cm}^3/\mathrm{s}\). At one point in the pipe, where the radius is 4.00 cm, the water’s absolute pressure is \(2.40 \times 10^5 \ \mathrm{Pa}\). At a second point in the pipe, the water passes through a constriction where the radius is 2.00 cm. What is the water’s absolute pressure as it flows through this constriction?

A soft drink (mostly water) flows in a pipe at a beverage plant with a mass flow rate that would fill 220 0.355-L cans per minute. At point 2 in the pipe, the gauge pressure is 152 kPa and the cross-sectional area is \(8.00 \ \mathrm{cm}^2\) . At point 1, 1.35 m above point 2, the cross-sectional area is \(2.00 \ \mathrm{cm}^2\) . Find the (a) mass flow rate; (b) volume flow rate; (c) flow speeds at points 1 and 2; (d) gauge pressure at point 1.

Clogged Artery. Viscous blood is flowing through an artery partially clogged by cholesterol. A surgeon wants to remove enough of the cholesterol to double the flow rate of blood through this artery. If the original diameter of the artery is D, what should be the new diameter (in terms of D) to accomplish this for the same pressure gradient?

A pressure difference of 6.00 * 104 Pa is required to maintain a volume flow rate of 0.800m3>s for a viscous fluid flowing through a section of cylindrical pipe that has radius 0.210 m. What pressure difference is required to maintain the same volume flow rate if the radius of the pipe is decreased to 0.0700 m?

In a lecture demonstration, a professor pulls apart two hemispherical steel shells (diameter D) with ease using their attached handles. She then places them together, pumps out the air to an absolute pressure of p, and hands them to a bodybuilder in the back row to pull apart. (a) If atmospheric pressure is \(p_0\), how much force must the bodybuilder exert on each shell? (b) Evaluate your answer for the case p = 0.025 atm, D = 10.0 cm.

The deepest point known in any of the earth’s oceans is in the Marianas Trench, 10.92 km deep. (a) Assuming water is incompressible, what is the pressure at this depth? Use the density of seawater. (b) The actual pressure is \(1.16\times 10^8\mathrm{\ Pa}\); your calculated value will be less because the density actually varies with depth. Using the compressibility of water and the actual pressure, find the density of the water at the bottom of the Marianas Trench. What is the percent change in the density of the water?

A swimming pool is 5.0 m long, 4.0 m wide, and 3.0 m deep. Compute the force exerted by the water against (a) the bottom and (b) either end. (Hint: Calculate the force on a thin, horizontal strip at a depth h, and integrate this over the end of the pool.) Do not include the force due to air pressure.

Fish Navigation. (a) As you can tell by watching them in an aquarium, fish are able to remain at any depth in water with no effort. What does this ability tell you about their density? (b) Fish are able to inflate themselves using a sac (called the swim bladder) located under their spinal column. These sacs can be filled with an oxygennitrogen mixture that comes from the blood. If a 2.75-kg fish in freshwater inflates itself and increases its volume by 10%, find the net force that the water exerts on it. (c) What is the net external force on it? Does the fish go up or down when it inflates itself?

The upper edge of a gate in a dam runs along the water surface. The gate is 2.00 m high and 4.00 m wide and is hinged along a horizontal line through its center (Fig. P12.55). Calculate the torque about the hinge arising from the force due to the water. (Hint: Use a procedure similar to that used in Problem 12.53; calculate the torque on a thin, horizontal strip at a depth h and integrate this over the gate.)

Ballooning on Mars. It has been proposed that we could explore Mars using inflated balloons to hover just above the surface. The buoyancy of the atmosphere would keep the balloon aloft. The density of the Martian atmosphere is 0.0154 kg>m3 (although this varies with temperature). Suppose we construct these balloons of a thin but tough plastic having a density such that each square meter has a mass of 5.00 g. We inflate them with a very light gas whose mass we can ignore. (a) What should be the radius and mass of these balloons so they just hover above the surface of Mars? (b) If we released one of the balloons from part (a) on earth, where the atmospheric density is 1.20 kg>m3 , what would be its initial acceleration assuming it was the same size as on Mars? Would it go up or down? (c) If on Mars these balloons have five times the radius found in part (a), how heavy an instrument package could they carry?

A 0.180-kg cube of ice (frozen water) is floating in glycerine. The gylcerine is in a tall cylinder that has inside radius 3.50 cm. The level of the glycerine is well below the top of the cylinder. If the ice completely melts, by what distance does the height of liquid in the cylinder change? Does the level of liquid rise or fall? That is, is the surface of the water above or below the original level of the glycerine before the ice melted?

A narrow, U-shaped glass tube with open ends is filled with 25.0 cm of oil (of specific gravity 0.80) and 25.0 cm of water on opposite sides, with a barrier separating the liquids (Fig. P12.58). (a) Assume that the two liquids do not mix, and find the final heights of the columns of liquid in each side of the tube after the barrier is removed. (b) For the following cases, arrive at your answer by simple physical reasoning, not by calculations: (i) What would be the height on each side if the oil and water had equal densities? (ii) What would the heights be if the oils density were much less than that of water?

A U-shaped tube open to the air at both ends contains some mercury. A quantity of water is carefully poured into the left arm of the U-shaped tube until the vertical height of the water column is 15.0 cm (Fig. P12.59). (a) What is the gauge pressure at the water mercury interface? (b) Calculate the vertical distance h from the top of the mercury in the righthand arm of the tube to the top of the water in the left-hand arm

The Great Molasses Flood. On the afternoon of January 15, 1919, an unusually warm day in Boston, a 17.7-mhigh, 27.4-m-diameter cylindrical metal tank used for storing molasses ruptured. Molasses flooded into the streets in a 5-mdeep stream, killing pedestrians and horses and knocking down buildings. The molasses had a density of 1600 kg>m3 . If the tank was full before the accident, what was the total outward force the molasses exerted on its sides? (Hint: Consider the outward force on a circular ring of the tank wall of width dy and at a depth y below the surface. Integrate to find the total outward force. Assume that before the tank ruptured, the pressure at the surface of the molasses was equal to the air pressure outside the tank.)

A large, 40.0-kg cubical block of wood with uniform density is floating in a freshwater lake with 20.0% of its volume above the surface of the water. You want to load bricks onto the floating block and then push it horizontally through the water to an island where you are building an outdoor grill. (a) What is the volume of the block? (b) What is the maximum mass of bricks that you can place on the block without causing it to sink below the water surface?

A hot-air balloon has a volume of 2200 m3 . The balloon fabric (the envelope) weighs 900 N. The basket with gear and full propane tanks weighs 1700 N. If the balloon can barely lift an additional 3200 N of passengers, breakfast, and champagne when the outside air density is 1.23 kg>m3 , what is the average density of the heated gases in the envelope?

An open barge has the dimensions shown in Fig. P12.63. If the barge is made out of 4.0-cm-thick steel plate on each of its four sides and its bottom, what mass of coal can the barge carry in freshwater without sinking? Is there enough room in the barge to hold this amount of coal? (The density of coal is about 1500 kg>m3 .)

A single ice cube with mass 16.4 g floats in a glass completely full of \(420 \mathrm{/ cm}^{3}\) of water. Ignore the water’s surface tension and its variation in density with temperature (as long as it remains a liquid). (a) What volume of water does the ice cube displace? (b) When the ice cube has completely melted, has any water overflowed? If so, how much? If not, explain why this is so. (c) Suppose the water in the glass had been very salty water of density \(1050 \mathrm{\ kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). What volume of salt water would the 9.70-g ice cube displace? (d) Redo part (b) for the freshwater ice cube in the salty water.

Advertisements for a certain small car claim that it floats in water. (a) If the cars mass is 900 kg and its interior volume is 3.0 m3 , what fraction of the car is immersed when it floats? Ignore the volume of steel and other materials. (b) Water gradually leaks in and displaces the air in the car. What fraction of the interior volume is filled with water when the car sinks?

A piece of wood is 0.600 m long, 0.250 m wide, and 0.080 m thick. Its density is 700 kg>m3 . What volume of lead must be fastened underneath it to sink the wood in calm water so that its top is just even with the water level? What is the mass of this volume of lead?

The densities of air, helium, and hydrogen (at p = 1.0 atm and \(T = 20^\circ \mathrm C\)) are \(1.20 \ \mathrm{kg/m}^3 , 0.166 \ \mathrm{kg/m}^3\) , and \(0.0899 \ \mathrm {kg/m}^3\) , respectively. (a) What is the volume in cubic meters displaced by a hydrogen-filled airship that has a total “lift” of 90.0 kN? (The “lift” is the amount by which the buoyant force exceeds the weight of the gas that fills the airship.) (b) What would be the “lift” if helium were used instead of hydrogen? In view of your answer, why is helium used in modern airships like advertising blimps?

When an open-faced boat has a mass of 5750 kg, including its cargo and passengers, it floats with the water just up to the top of its gunwales (sides) on a freshwater lake. (a) What is the volume of this boat? (b) The captain decides that it is too dangerous to float with his boat on the verge of sinking, so he decides to throw some cargo overboard so that 20% of the boat’s volume will be above water. How much mass should he throw out?

A firehose must be able to shoot water to the top of a building 28.0 m tall when aimed straight up. Water enters this hose at a steady rate of \(0.500 \ \mathrm {m^3/s}\) and shoots out of a round nozzle. (a) What is the maximum diameter this nozzle can have? (b) If the only nozzle available has a diameter twice as great, what is the highest point the water can reach?

In seawater, a life preserver with a volume of \(0.0400 \ \mathrm{m}^3\) will support a 75.0-kg person (average density \(980 \ \mathrm{kg/m}^3\)), with 20% of the person’s volume above the water surface when the life preserver is fully submerged. What is the density of the material composing the life preserver?

A closed and elevated vertical cylindrical tank with diameter 2.00 m contains water to a depth of 0.800 m. A worker accidently pokes a circular hole with diameter 0.0200 m in the bottom of the tank. As the water drains from the tank, compressed air above the water in the tank maintains a gauge pressure of 5.00 * 103 Pa at the surface of the water. Ignore any effects of viscosity. (a) Just after the hole is made, what is the speed of the water as it emerges from the hole? What is the ratio of this speed to the efflux speed if the top of the tank is open to the air? (b) How much time does it take for all the water to drain from the tank? What is the ratio of this time to the time it takes for the tank to drain if the top of the tank is open to the air?

Block A in Fig. P12.72 hangs by a cord from spring balance D and is submerged in a liquid C contained in beaker B. The mass of the beaker is 1.00 kg; the mass of the liquid is 1.80 kg. Balance D reads 3.50 kg, and balance E reads 7.50 kg. The volume of block A is 3.80 * 10-3 m3 . (a) What is the density of the liquid? (b) What will each balance read if block A is pulled up out of the liquid?

A plastic ball has radius 12.0 cm and floats in water with 24.0% of its volume submerged. (a) What force must you apply to the ball to hold it at rest totally below the surface of the water? (b) If you let go of the ball, what is its acceleration the instant you release it?

Assume that crude oil from a supertanker has density 750 kg>m3 . The tanker runs aground on a sandbar. To refloat the tanker, its oil cargo is pumped out into steel barrels, each of which has a mass of 15.0 kg when empty and holds 0.120 m3 of oil. You can ignore the volume occupied by the steel from which the barrel is made. (a) If a salvage worker accidentally drops a filled, sealed barrel overboard, will it float or sink in the seawater? (b) If the barrel floats, what fraction of its volume will be above the water surface? If it sinks, what minimum tension would have to be exerted by a rope to haul the barrel up from the ocean floor? (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the density of the oil is 910 kg>m3 and the mass of each empty barrel is 32.0 kg.

A cubical block of density rB and with sides of length L floats in a liquid of greater density rL. (a) What fraction of the blocks volume is above the surface of the liquid? (b) The liquid is denser than water 1density rW2 and does not mix with it. If water is poured on the surface of that liquid, how deep must the water layer be so that the water surface just rises to the top of the block? Express your answer in terms of L, rB, rL, and rW. (c) Find the depth of the water layer in part (b) if the liquid is mercury, the block is made of iron, and L = 10.0 cm

A barge is in a rectangular lock on a freshwater river. The lock is 60.0 m long and 20.0 m wide, and the steel doors on each end are closed. With the barge floating in the lock, a 2.50 * 106 N load of scrap metal is put onto the barge. The metal has density 7200 kg>m3 . (a) When the load of scrap metal, initially on the bank, is placed onto the barge, what vertical distance does the water in the lock rise? (b) The scrap metal is now pushed overboard into the water. Does the water level in the lock rise, fall, or remain the same? If it rises or falls, by what vertical distance does it change?

Water stands at a depth H in a large, open tank whose side walls are vertical (Fig. P12.77). A hole is made in one of the walls at a depth h below the water surface. (a) At what distance R from the foot of the wall does the emerging stream strike the floor? (b) How far above the bottom of the tank could a second hole be cut so that the stream emerging from it could have the same range as for the first hole?

Water stands at a depth H in a large, open tank whose side walls are vertical (Fig. P12.77). A hole is made in one of the walls at a depth h below the water surface. (a) At what distance R from the foot of the wall does the emerging stream strike the floor? (b) How far above the bottom of the tank could a second hole be cut so that the stream emerging from it could have the same range as for the first hole?

You hold a hose at waist height and spray water horizontally with it. The hose nozzle has a diameter of 1.80 cm, and the water splashes on the ground a distance of 0.950 m horizontally from the nozzle. If you constrict the nozzle to a diameter of 0.750 cm, how far from the nozzle, horizontally, will the water travel before it hits the ground? (Ignore air resistance.)

A cylindrical bucket, open at the top, is 25.0 cm high and 10.0 cm in diameter. A circular hole with a cross-sectional area 1.50 cm2 is cut in the center of the bottom of the bucket. Water flows into the bucket from a tube above it at the rate of 2.40 * 10-4 m3>s. How high will the water in the bucket rise?

Water flows steadily from an open tank as in Fig. P12.81. The elevation of point 1 is 10.0 m, and the elevation of points 2 and 3 is 2.00 m. The cross-sectional area at point 2 is 0.0480 m2 ; at point 3 it is 0.0160 m2 . The area of the tank is very large compared with the cross-sectional area of the pipe. Assuming that Bernoullis equation applies, compute (a) the discharge rate in cubic meters per second and (b) the gauge pressure at point 2.

In 1993 the radius of Hurricane Emily was about 350 km. The wind speed near the center (eye) of the hurricane, whose radius was about 30 km, reached about 200 km>h. As air swirled in from the rim of the hurricane toward the eye, its angular momentum remained roughly constant. Estimate (a) the wind speed at the rim of the hurricane; (b) the pressure difference at the earths surface between the eye and the rim. (Hint: See Table 12.1.) Where is the pressure greater? (c) If the kinetic energy of the swirling air in the eye could be converted completely to gravitational potential energy, how high would the air go? (d) In fact, the air in the eye is lifted to heights of several kilometers. How can you reconcile this with your answer to part (c)?

Two very large open tanks A and F (Fig. P12.83) contain the same liquid. A horizontal pipe BCD, having a constriction at C and open to the air at D, leads out of the bottom of tank A, and a vertical pipe E opens into the constriction at C and dips into the liquid in tank F. Assume streamline flow and no viscosity. If the cross-sectional area at C is one-half the area at D and if D is a distance h1 below the level of the liquid in A, to what height h2 will liquid rise in pipe E? Express your answer in terms of h1.

A liquid flowing from a vertical pipe has a definite shape as it flows from the pipe. To get the equation for this shape, assume that the liquid is in free fall once it leaves the pipe. Just as it leaves the pipe, the liquid has speed v0 and the radius of the stream of liquid is r0. (a) Find an equation for the speed of the liquid as a function of the distance y it has fallen. Combining this with the equation of continuity, find an expression for the radius of the stream as a function of y. (b) If water flows out of a vertical pipe at a speed of 1.20 m>s, how far below the outlet will the radius be one-half the original radius of the stream?

The density values in Table 12.1 are listed in increasing order. A chemistry student notices that the first four chemical elements that are included are also listed in order of increasing atomic mass. (a) See whether there is a simple relationship between density and atomic mass by plotting a graph of density (in g>cm3 ) versus atomic mass for all eight elements in that table. (See Appendix D for their atomic masses in grams per mole.) (b) Can you draw a straight line or simple curve through the points to find a simple relationship? (c) Explain why More massive atoms result in more dense solids does not tell the whole story

You have a bucket containing an unknown liquid. You also have a cube-shaped wooden block that you measure to be 8.0 cm on a side, but you dont know the mass or density of the block. To find the density of the liquid, you perform an experiment. First you place the wooden block in the liquid and measure the height of the top of the floating block above the liquid surface. Then you stack various numbers of U.S. quarter-dollar coins onto the block and measure the new value of h. The straight line that gives the best fit to the data you have collected is shown in Fig. P12.86. Find the mass of one quarter (see www.usmint.gov for quarters dated 2012). Use this information and the slope and intercept of the straight-line fit to your data to calculate (a) the density of the liquid (in kg>m3 ) and (b) the mass of the block (in kg).

The Environmental Protection Agency is investigating an abandoned chemical plant. A large, closed cylindrical tank contains an unknown liquid. You must determine the liquid’s density and the height of the liquid in the tank (the vertical distance from the surface of the liquid to the bottom of the tank). To maintain various values of the gauge pressure in the air that is above the liquid in the tank, you can use compressed air. You make a small hole at the bottom of the side of the tank, which is on a concrete platform—so the hole is 50.0 cm above the ground. The table gives your measurements of the horizontal distance R that the initially horizontal stream of liquid pouring out of the tank travels before it strikes the ground and the gauge pressure pg of the air in the tank. (a) Graph \(R^2\) as a function of \(p_g\). Explain why the data points fall close to a straight line. Find the slope and intercept of that line. (b) Use the slope and intercept found in part (a) to calculate the height h (in meters) of the liquid in the tank and the density of the liquid \((\mathrm {in} \ \mathrm{kg/m}^3)\). Use \(g = 9.80 \ \mathrm {m/s}^2\) . Assume that the liquid is nonviscous and that the hole is small enough compared to the tank’s diameter so that the change in h during the measurements is very small.

A siphon (Fig. P12.88) is a convenient device for removing liquids from containers. To establish the flow, the tube must be initially filled with fluid. Let the fluid have density r, and let the atmospheric pressure be patm. Assume that the cross-sectional area of the tube is the same at all points along it. (a) If the lower end of the siphon is at a distance h below the surface of the liquid in the container, what is the speed of the fluid as it flows out the lower end of the siphon? (Assume that the container has a very large diameter, and ignore any effects of viscosity.) (b) A curious feature of a siphon is that the fluid initially flows uphill. What is the greatest height H that the high point of the tube can have if flow is still to occur?

For the situation shown, the tissues in the elephants abdomen are at a gauge pressure of 150 mm Hg. This pressure corresponds to what distance below the surface of a lake? (a) 1.5 m; (b) 2.0 m; (c) 3.0 m; (d) 15 m

The maximum force the muscles of the diaphragm can exert is 24,000 N. What maximum pressure difference can the diaphragm withstand? (a) 160 mm Hg; (b) 760 mm Hg; (c) 920 mm Hg; (d) 5000 mm Hg

How does the force the diaphragm experiences due to the difference in pressure between the lungs and abdomen depend on the abdomen’s distance below the water surface? The force (a) increases linearly with distance; (b) increases as distance squared; (c) increases as distance cubed; (d) increases exponentially with distance.

If the elephant were to snorkel in salt water, which is more dense than freshwater, would the maximum depth at which it could snorkel be different from that in freshwater? (a) Yesthat depth would increase, because the pressure would be lower at a given depth in salt water than in freshwater; (b) yesthat depth would decrease, because the pressure would be higher at a given depth in salt water than in freshwater; (c) no, because pressure differences within the submerged elephant depend on only the density of air, not the density of the water; (d) no, because the buoyant force on the elephant would be the same in both cases.