Answer: If you stretch a rubber band and pluck it, you

Two waves travel on the same string. Is it possible for them to have (a) different frequencies; (b) different wavelengths; (c) different speeds; (d) different amplitudes; (e) the same frequency but different wavelengths? Explain your reasoning

Under a tension F, it takes 2.00 s for a pulse to travel the length of a taut wire. What tension is required (in terms of F) for the pulse to take 6.00 s instead? Explain how you arrive at your answer.

What kinds of energy are associated with waves on a stretched string? How could you detect such energy experimentally?

The amplitude of a wave decreases gradually as the wave travels down a long, stretched string. What happens to the energy of the wave when this happens?

For the wave motions discussed in this chapter, does the speed of propagation depend on the amplitude? What makes you say this?

The speed of ocean waves depends on the depth of the water; the deeper the water, the faster the wave travels. Use this to explain why ocean waves crest and break as they near the shore.

Is it possible to have a longitudinal wave on a stretched string? Why or why not? Is it possible to have a transverse wave on a steel rod? Again, why or why not? If your answer is yes in either case, explain how you would create such a wave.

Is it possible to have a longitudinal wave on a stretched string? Why or why not? Is it possible to have a transverse wave on a steel rod? Again, why or why not? If your answer is yes in either case, explain how you would create such a wave.

The four strings on a violin have different thicknesses, but are all under approximately the same tension. Do waves travel faster on the thick strings or the thin strings? Why? How does the fundamental vibration frequency compare for the thick versus the thin strings?

A sinusoidal wave can be described by a cosine function, which is negative just as often as positive. So why isnt the average power delivered by this wave zero?

Two strings of different mass per unit length m1 and m2 are tied together and stretched with a tension F. A wave travels along the string and passes the discontinuity in m. Which of the following wave properties will be the same on both sides of the discontinuity, and which will change: speed of the wave; frequency; wavelength? Explain the physical reasoning behind each answer.

A long rope with mass m is suspended from the ceiling and hangs vertically. A wave pulse is produced at the lower end of the rope, and the pulse travels up the rope. Does the speed of the wave pulse change as it moves up the rope, and if so, does it increase or decrease? Explain

In a transverse wave on a string, the motion of the string is perpendicular to the length of the string. How, then, is it possible for energy to move along the length of the string?

Energy can be transferred along a string by wave motion. However, in a standing wave on a string, no energy can ever be transferred past a node. Why not?

Can a standing wave be produced on a string by superposing two waves traveling in opposite directions with the same frequency but different amplitudes? Why or why not? Can a standing wave be produced by superposing two waves traveling in opposite directions with different frequencies but the same amplitude? Why or why not?

If you stretch a rubber band and pluck it, you hear a (somewhat) musical tone. How does the frequency of this tone change as you stretch the rubber band further? (Try it!) Does this agree with Eq. (15.35) for a string fixed at both ends? Explain.

A musical interval of an octave corresponds to a factor of 2 in frequency. By what factor must the tension in a guitar or violin string be increased to raise its pitch one octave? To raise it two octaves? Explain your reasoning. Is there any danger in attempting these changes in pitch?

By touching a string lightly at its center while bowing, a violinist can produce a note exactly one octave above the note to which the string is tunedthat is, a note with exactly twice the frequency. Why is this possible?

As we discussed in Section 15.1, water waves are a combination of longitudinal and transverse waves. Defend the following statement: When water waves hit a vertical wall, the wall is a node of the longitudinal displacement but an antinode of the transverse displacement.

Violins are short instruments, while cellos and basses are long. In terms of the frequency of the waves they produce, explain why this is so

What is the purpose of the frets on a guitar? In terms of the frequency of the vibration of the strings, explain their use.

The speed of sound in air at 20C is 344 m>s. (a) What is the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 784 Hz, corresponding to the note G5 on a piano, and how many milliseconds does each vibration take? (b) What is the wavelength of a sound wave one octave higher (twice the frequency) than the note in part (a)?

Audible Sound. Provided the amplitude is sufficiently great, the human ear can respond to longitudinal waves over a range of frequencies from about 20.0 Hz to about 20.0 kHz. (a) If you were to mark the beginning of each complete wave pattern with a red dot for the long-wavelength sound and a blue dot for the short-wavelength sound, how far apart would the red dots be, and how far apart would the blue dots be? (b) In reality would adjacent dots in each set be far enough apart for you to easily measure their separation with a meter stick? (c) Suppose you repeated part (a) in water, where sound travels at 1480 m>s. How far apart would the dots be in each set? Could you readily measure their separation with a meter stick?

Tsunami! On December 26, 2004, a great earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra and triggered immense waves (tsunami) that killed some 200,000 people. Satellites observing these waves from space measured 800 km from one wave crest to the next and a period between waves of 1.0 hour. What was the speed of these waves in m>s and in km>h? Does your answer help you understand why the waves caused such devastation?

Tsunami! On December 26, 2004, a great earthquake occurred off the coast of Sumatra and triggered immense waves (tsunami) that killed some 200,000 people. Satellites observing these waves from space measured 800 km from one wave crest to the next and a period between waves of 1.0 hour. What was the speed of these waves in m>s and in km>h? Does your answer help you understand why the waves caused such devastation?

(a) Audible wavelengths. The range of audible frequencies is from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. What is the range of the wavelengths of audible sound in air? (b) Visible light. The range of visible light extends from 380 nm to 750 nm. What is the range of visible frequencies of light? (c) Brain surgery. Surgeons can remove brain tumors by using a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator, which produces sound waves of frequency 23 kHz. What is the wavelength of these waves in air? (d) Sound in the body. What would be the wavelength of the sound in part (c) in bodily fluids in which the speed of sound is 1480 m/s but the frequency is unchanged?

A fisherman notices that his boat is moving up and down periodically, owing to waves on the surface of the water. It takes 2.5 s for the boat to travel from its highest point to its lowest, a total distance of 0.53 m. The fisherman sees that the wave crests are spaced 4.8 m apart. (a) How fast are the waves traveling? (b) What is the amplitude of each wave? (c) If the total vertical distance traveled by the boat were 0.30 m but the other data remained the same, how would the answers to parts (a) and (b) change?

Transverse waves on a string have wave speed 8.00 m>s, amplitude 0.0700 m, and wavelength 0.320 m. The waves travel in the x-direction, and at t = 0 the x = 0 end of the string has its maximum upward displacement. (a) Find the frequency, period, and wave number of these waves. (b) Write a wave function describing the wave. (c) Find the transverse displacement of a particle at x = 0.360 m at time t = 0.150 s. (d) How much time must elapse from the instant in part (c) until the particle at x = 0.360 m next has maximum upward displacement?

A certain transverse wave is described by \(y(x, t)=(6.50 \mathrm{~mm}) \cos 2 \pi\left(\frac{x}{28.0 \mathrm{~cm}}-\frac{t}{0.0360 \mathrm{~s}}\right)\) Determine the wave's (a) amplitude; (b) wavelength; (c) frequency; (d) speed of propagation; (e) direction of propagation.

Which of the following wave functions satisfies the wave equation, Eq. (15.12)? (a) y1x, t2 = Acos1kx + vt2; (b) y1x, t2 = Asin1kx + vt2; (c) y1x, t2 = A1cos kx + cosvt2. (d) For the wave of part (b), write the equations for the transverse velocity and transverse acceleration of a particle at point

A water wave traveling in a straight line on a lake is described by the equation y1x, t2 = 12.75 cm2 cos10.410 rad>cm x + 6.20 rad>s t2 where y is the displacement perpendicular to the undisturbed surface of the lake. (a) How much time does it take for one complete wave pattern to go past a fisherman in a boat at anchor, and what horizontal distance does the wave crest travel in that time? (b) What are the wave number and the number of waves per second that pass the fisherman? (c) How fast does a wave crest travel past the fisherman, and what is the maximum speed of his cork floater as the wave causes it to bob up and down?

A sinusoidal wave is propagating along a stretched string that lies along the x-axis. The displacement of the string as a function of time is graphed in Fig. E15.11 for particles at x = 0 and at x = 0.0900 m. (a) What is the amplitude of the wave? (b) What is the period of the wave? (c) You are told that the two points x = 0 and x = 0.0900 m are within one wavelength of each other. If the wave is moving in the +x-direction, determine the wavelength and the wave speed. (d) If instead the wave is moving in the -x-direction, determine the wavelength and the wave speed. (e) Would it be possible to determine definitively the wavelengths in parts (c) and (d) if you were not told that the two points were within one wavelength of each other? Why or why not?

Speed of Propagation vs. Particle Speed. (a) Show that Eq. (15.3) may be written as y1x, t2 = Acosc 2p l 1x - vt2 d (b) Use y1x, t2 to find an expression for the transverse velocity vy of a particle in the string on which the wave travels. (c) Find the maximum speed of a particle of the string. Under what circumstances is this equal to the propagation speed v? Less than v? Greater than v?

A transverse wave on a string has amplitude 0.300 cm, wavelength 12.0 cm, and speed 6.00 cm>s. It is represented by y1x, t2 as given in Exercise 15.12. (a) At time t = 0, compute y at 1.5-cm intervals of x (that is, at x = 0, x = 1.5 cm, x = 3.0 cm, and so on) from x = 0 to x = 12.0 cm. Graph the results. This is the shape of the string at time t = 0. (b) Repeat the calculations for the same values of x at times t = 0.400 s and t = 0.800 s. Graph the shape of the string at these instants. In what direction is the wave traveling?

A wave on a string is described by y1x, t2 = Acos1kx - vt2. (a) Graph y, vy, and ay as functions of x for time t = 0. (b) Consider the following points on the string: (i) x = 0; (ii) x = p>4k; (iii) x = p>2k; (iv) x = 3p>4k; (v) x = p>k; (vi) x = 5p>4k; (vii) x = 3p>2k; (viii) x = 7p>4k. For a particle at each of these points at t = 0, describe in words whether the particle is moving and in what direction, and whether the particle is speeding up, slowing down, or instantaneously not accelerating.

One end of a horizontal rope is attached to a prong of an electrically driven tuning fork that vibrates the rope transversely at 120 Hz. The other end passes over a pulley and supports a 1.50-kg mass. The linear mass density of the rope is 0.0480 kg>m. (a) What is the speed of a transverse wave on the rope? (b) What is the wavelength? (c) How would your answers to parts (a) and (b) change if the mass were increased to 3.00 kg?

With what tension must a rope with length 2.50 m and mass 0.120 kg be stretched for transverse waves of frequency 40.0 Hz to have a wavelength of 0.750 m?

The upper end of a 3.80-m-long steel wire is fastened to the ceiling, and a 54.0-kg object is suspended from the lower end of the wire. You observe that it takes a transverse pulse 0.0492 s to travel from the bottom to the top of the wire. What is the mass of the wire?

A 1.50-m string of weight 0.0125 N is tied to the ceiling at its upper end, and the lower end supports a weight W. Ignore the very small variation in tension along the length of the string that is produced by the weight of the string. When you pluck the string slightly, the waves traveling up the string obey the equation y1x, t2 = 18.50 mm2 cos1172 rad>m x - 4830 rad>s t2 Assume that the tension of the string is constant and equal to W. (a) How much time does it take a pulse to travel the full length of the string? (b) What is the weight W? (c) How many wavelengths are on the string at any instant of time? (d) What is the equation for waves traveling down the string?

A thin, 75.0-cm wire has a mass of 16.5 g. One end is tied to a nail, and the other end is attached to a screw that can be adjusted to vary the tension in the wire. (a) To what tension (in newtons) must you adjust the screw so that a transverse wave of wavelength 3.33 cm makes 625 vibrations per second? (b) How fast would this wave travel?

A heavy rope 6.00 m long and weighing 29.4 N is attached at one end to a ceiling and hangs vertically. A 0.500-kg mass is suspended from the lower end of the rope. What is the speed of transverse waves on the rope at the (a) bottom of the rope, (b) middle of the rope, and (c) top of the rope? (d) Is the tension in the middle of the rope the average of the tensions at the top and bottom of the rope? Is the wave speed at the middle of the rope the average of the wave speeds at the top and bottom? Explain.

A simple harmonic oscillator at the point x = 0 generates a wave on a rope. The oscillator operates at a frequency of 40.0 Hz and with an amplitude of 3.00 cm. The rope has a linear mass density of 50.0 g/m and is stretched with a tension of 5.00 N. (a) Determine the speed of the wave. (b) Find the wavelength. (c) Write the wave function y(x, t) for the wave. Assume that the oscillator has its maximum upward displacement at time t = 0. (d) Find the maximum transverse acceleration of points on the rope. (e) In the discussion of transverse waves in this chapter, the force of gravity was ignored. Is that a reasonable approximation for this wave? Explain.

A piano wire with mass 3.00 g and length 80.0 cm is stretched with a tension of 25.0 N. A wave with frequency 120.0 Hz and amplitude 1.6 mm travels along the wire. (a) Calculate the average power carried by the wave. (b) What happens to the average power if the wave amplitude is halved?

A horizontal wire is stretched with a tension of 94.0 N, and the speed of transverse waves for the wire is 406 m>s. What must the amplitude of a traveling wave of frequency 69.0 Hz be for the average power carried by the wave to be 0.365 W

A light wire is tightly stretched with tension F. Transverse traveling waves of amplitude A and wavelength \(\lambda_{1}\) carry average power \(P_{\mathrm{av},1}=0.400\mathrm{\ W}\). If the wavelength of the waves is doubled, so \(\lambda_{2}=2 \lambda_{1}\), while the tension F and amplitude A are not altered, what then is the average power \(P_{\mathrm{av}, 2}\) carried by the waves?

A jet plane at takeoff can produce sound of intensity \(10.0 \ \mathrm {W/m}^2\) at 30.0 m away. But you prefer the tranquil sound of normal conversation, which is \(1.0 \ \mu \mathrm {W/m}^2\). Assume that the plane behaves like a point source of sound. (a) What is the closest distance you should live from the airport runway to preserve your peace of mind? (b) What intensity from the jet does your friend experience if she lives twice as far from the runway as you do? (c) What power of sound does the jet produce at takeoff?

Threshold of Pain. You are investigating the report of a UFO landing in an isolated portion of New Mexico, and you encounter a strange object that is radiating sound waves uniformly in all directions. Assume that the sound comes from a point source and that you can ignore reflections. You are slowly walking toward the source. When you are 7.5 m from it, you measure its intensity to be 0.11 W>m2 . An intensity of 1.0 W>m2 is often used as the threshold of pain. How much closer to the source can you move before the sound intensity reaches this threshold?

Energy Output. By measurement you determine that sound waves are spreading out equally in all directions from a point source and that the intensity is 0.026 W>m2 at a distance of 4.3 m from the source. (a) What is the intensity at a distance of 3.1 m from the source? (b) How much sound energy does the source emit in one hour if its power output remains constant?

A fellow student with a mathematical bent tells you that the wave function of a traveling wave on a thin rope is y1x, t2 = 2.30 mmcos316.98 rad>m2x + 1742 rad>s2t4. Being more practical, you measure the rope to have a length of 1.35 m and a mass of 0.00338 kg. You are then asked to determine the following: (a) amplitude; (b) frequency; (c) wavelength; (d) wave speed; (e) direction the wave is traveling; (f) tension in the rope; (g) average power transmitted by the wave.

At a distance of 7.00 * 1012 m from a star, the intensity of the radiation from the star is 15.4 W>m2 . Assuming that the star radiates uniformly in all directions, what is the total power output of the star?

Reflection. A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. E15.30 at t = 0. The wave speed is 40 cm>s. (a) If point O is a fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at t = 15 ms, 20 ms, 25 ms, 30 ms, 35 ms, 40 ms, and 45 ms. (b) Repeat part (a) for the case in which point O is a free end.

Reflection. A wave pulse on a string has the dimensions shown in Fig. E15.31 at t = 0. The wave speed is 5.0 m>s. (a) If point O is a fixed end, draw the total wave on the string at t = 1.0 ms, 2.0 ms, 3.0 ms, 4.0 ms, 5.0 ms, 6.0 ms, and 7.0 ms. (b) Repeat part (a) for the case in which point O is a free end.

Interference of Triangular Pulses. Two triangular wave pulses are traveling toward each other on a stretched string as shown in Fig. E15.32. Each pulse is identical to the other and travels at 2.00 cm>s. The leading edges of the pulses are 1.00 cm apart at t = 0. Sketch the shape of the string at t = 0.250 s, t = 0.500 s, t = 0.750 s, t = 1.000 s, and t = 1.250 s.

Suppose that the left-traveling pulse in Exercise 15.32 is below the level of the unstretched string instead of above it. Make the same sketches that you did in that exercise

Two pulses are moving in opposite directions at 1.0 cm>s on a taut string, as shown in Fig. E15.34. Each square is 1.0 cm. Sketch the shape of the string at the end of (a) 6.0 s; (b) 7.0 s; (c) 8.0 s.

Interference of Rectangular Pulses. Figure E15.35 shows two rectangular wave pulses on a stretched string traveling toward each other. Each pulse is traveling with a speed of 1.00 mm>s and has the height and width shown in the figure. If the leading edges of the pulses are 8.00 mm apart at t = 0, sketch the shape of the string at t = 4.00 s, t = 6.00 s, and t = 10.0 s.

Adjacent antinodes of a standing wave on a string are 15.0 cm apart. A particle at an antinode oscillates in simple harmonic motion with amplitude 0.850 cm and period 0.0750 s. The string lies along the +x-axis and is fixed at x = 0. (a) How far apart are the adjacent nodes? (b) What are the wavelength, amplitude, and speed of the two traveling waves that form this pattern? (c) Find the maximum and minimum transverse speeds of a point at an antinode. (d) What is the shortest distance along the string between a node and an antinode?

Standing waves on a wire are described by Eq. (15.28), with ASW = 2.50 mm, v = 942 rad>s, and k = 0.750p rad>m. The left end of the wire is at x = 0. At what distances from the left end are (a) the nodes of the standing wave and (b) the antinodes of the standing wave?

A 1.50-m-long rope is stretched between two supports with a tension that makes the speed of transverse waves 62.0 m>s. What are the wavelength and frequency of (a) the fundamental; (b) the second overtone; (c) the fourth harmonic?

A wire with mass 40.0 g is stretched so that its ends are tied down at points 80.0 cm apart. The wire vibrates in its fundamental mode with frequency 60.0 Hz and with an amplitude at the antinodes of 0.300 cm. (a) What is the speed of propagation of transverse waves in the wire? (b) Compute the tension in the wire. (c) Find the maximum transverse velocity and acceleration of particles in the wire.

A piano tuner stretches a steel piano wire with a tension of 800 N. The steel wire is 0.400 m long and has a mass of 3.00 g. (a) What is the frequency of its fundamental mode of vibration? (b) What is the number of the highest harmonic that could be heard by a person who is capable of hearing frequencies up to 10,000 Hz?

A thin, taut string tied at both ends and oscillating in its third harmonic has its shape described by the equation y1x, t2 = 15.60 cm2 sin 310.0340 rad>cm2x4 sin 3150.0 rad>s2t4, where the origin is at the left end of the string, the x-axis is along the string, and the y-axis is perpendicular to the string. (a) Draw a sketch that shows the standing-wave pattern. (b) Find the amplitude of the two traveling waves that make up this standing wave. (c) What is the length of the string? (d) Find the wavelength, frequency, period, and speed of the traveling waves. (e) Find the maximum transverse speed of a point on the string. (f) What would be the equation y1x,t2 for this string if it were vibrating in its eighth harmonic?

The wave function of a standing wave is y1x, t2 = 4.44 mm sin3132.5 rad>m2x4 sin31754 rad>s2t4. For the two traveling waves that make up this standing wave, find the (a) amplitude; (b) wavelength; (c) frequency; (d) wave speed; (e) wave functions. (f) From the information given, can you determine which harmonic this is? Explain

Waves on a Stick. A flexible stick 2.0 m long is not fixed in any way and is free to vibrate. Make clear drawings of this stick vibrating in its first three harmonics, and then use your drawings to find the wavelengths of each of these harmonics. (Hint: Should the ends be nodes or antinodes?)

One string of a certain musical instrument is 75.0 cm long and has a mass of 8.75 g. It is being played in a room where the speed of sound is 344 m>s. (a) To what tension must you adjust the string so that, when vibrating in its second overtone, it produces sound of wavelength 0.765 m? (Assume that the breaking stress of the wire is very large and isnt exceeded.) (b) What frequency sound does this string produce in its fundamental mode of vibration?

The portion of the string of a certain musical instrument between the bridge and upper end of the finger board (that part of the string that is free to vibrate) is 60.0 cm long, and this length of the string has mass 2.00 g. The string sounds an A4 note (440 Hz) when played. (a) Where must the player put a finger (what distance x from the bridge) to play a D5 note (587 Hz)? (See Fig. E15.45.) For both the A4 and D5 notes, the string vibrates in its fundamental mode. (b) Without retuning, is it possible to play a G4 note (392 Hz) on this string? Why or why not?

(a) A horizontal string tied at both ends is vibrating in its fundamental mode. The traveling waves have speed v, frequency f, amplitude A, and wavelength l. Calculate the maximum transverse velocity and maximum transverse acceleration of points located at (i) x = l>2, (ii) x = l>4, and (iii) x = l>8, from the left-hand end of the string. (b) At each of the points in part (a), what is the amplitude of the motion? (c) At each of the points in part (a), how much time does it take the string to go from its largest upward displacement to its largest downward displacement?

Guitar String. One of the 63.5-cm-long strings of an ordinary guitar is tuned to produce the note B3 (frequency 245 Hz) when vibrating in its fundamental mode. (a) Find the speed of transverse waves on this string. (b) If the tension in this string is increased by 1.0%, what will be the new fundamental frequency of the string? (c) If the speed of sound in the surrounding air is 344 m>s, find the frequency and wavelength of the sound wave produced in the air by the vibration of the B3 string. How do these compare to the frequency and wavelength of the standing wave on the string?

A transverse wave on a rope is given by y1x, t2 = 10.750 cm2 cosp310.400 cm-1 2x + 1250 s-1 2t4 (a) Find the amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of propagation. (b) Sketch the shape of the rope at these values of t: 0, 0.0005 s, 0.0010 s. (c) Is the wave traveling in the +x@ or -x-direction? (d) The mass per unit length of the rope is 0.0500 kg>m. Find the tension. (e) Find the average power of this wave

A transverse sine wave with an amplitude of 2.50 mm and a wavelength of 1.80 m travels from left to right along a long, horizontal, stretched string with a speed of 36.0 m>s. Take the origin at the left end of the undisturbed string. At time t = 0 the left end of the string has its maximum upward displacement. (a) What are the frequency, angular frequency, and wave number of the wave? (b) What is the function y1x, t2 that describes the wave? (c) What is y1t2 for a particle at the left end of the string? (d) What is y1t2 for a particle 1.35 m to the right of the origin? (e) What is the maximum magnitude of transverse velocity of any particle of the string? (f) Find the transverse displacement and the transverse velocity of a particle 1.35 m to the right of the origin at time t = 0.0625 s

A 1750-N irregular beam is hanging horizontally by its ends from the ceiling by two vertical wires (A and B), each 1.25 m long and weighing 0.290 N. The center of gravity of this beam is one-third of the way along the beam from the end where wire A is attached. If you pluck both strings at the same time at the beam, what is the time delay between the arrival of the two pulses at the ceiling? Which pulse arrives first? (Ignore the effect of the weight of the wires on the tension in the wires.)

Three pieces of string, each of length L, are joined together end to end, to make a combined string of length 3L. The first piece of string has mass per unit length m1, the second piece has mass per unit length m2 = 4m1, and the third piece has mass per unit length m3 = m1>4. (a) If the combined string is under tension F, how much time does it take a transverse wave to travel the entire length 3L? Give your answer in terms of L, F, and m1. (b) Does your answer to part (a) depend on the order in which the three pieces are joined together? Explain.

Weightless Ant. An ant with mass m is standing peacefully on top of a horizontal, stretched rope. The rope has mass per unit length m and is under tension F. Without warning, Cousin Throckmorton starts a sinusoidal transverse wave of wavelength l propagating along the rope. The motion of the rope is in a vertical plane. What minimum wave amplitude will make the ant become momentarily weightless? Assume that m is so small that the presence of the ant has no effect on the propagation of the wave.

You must determine the length of a long, thin wire that is suspended from the ceiling in the atrium of a tall building. A 2.00-cm-long piece of the wire is left over from its installation. Using an analytical balance, you determine that the mass of the spare piece is 14.5 mg. You then hang a 0.400-kg mass from the lower end of the long, suspended wire. When a small-amplitude transverse wave pulse is sent up that wire, sensors at both ends measure that it takes the wave pulse 26.7 ms to travel the length of the wire. (a) Use these measurements to calculate the length of the wire. Assume that the weight of the wire has a negligible effect on the speed of the transverse waves. (b) Discuss the accuracy of the approximation made in part (a).

Music. You are designing a two-string instrument with metal strings 35.0 cm long, as shown in Fig. P15.54. Both strings are under the same tension. String S1 has a mass of 8.00 g and produces the note middle C (frequency 262 Hz) in its fundamental mode. (a) What should be the tension in the string? (b) What should be the mass of string S2 so that it will produce A-sharp (frequency 466 Hz) as its fundamental? (c) To extend the range of your instrument, you include a fret located just under the strings but not normally touching them. How far from the upper end should you put this fret so that when you press S1 tightly against it, this string will produce C-sharp (frequency 277 Hz) in its fundamental? That is, what is x in the figure? (d) If you press S2 against the fret, what frequency of sound will it produce in its fundamental?

A 5.00-m, 0.732-kg wire is used to support two uniform 235-N posts of equal length (Fig. P15.55). Assume that the wire is essentially horizontal and that the speed of sound is 344 m>s. A strong wind is blowing, causing the wire to vibrate in its 5th overtone. What are the frequency and wavelength of the sound this wire produces?

You are exploring a newly discovered planet. The radius of the planet is 7.20 * 107 m. You suspend a lead weight from the lower end of a light string that is 4.00 m long and has mass 0.0280 kg. You measure that it takes 0.0685 s for a transverse pulse to travel from the lower end to the upper end of the string. On the earth, for the same string and lead weight, it takes 0.0390 s for a transverse pulse to travel the length of the string. The weight of the string is small enough that you ignore its effect on the tension in the string. Assuming that the mass of the planet is distributed with spherical symmetry, what is its mass?

For a string stretched between two supports, two successive standing-wave frequencies are 525 Hz and 630 Hz. There are other standing-wave frequencies lower than 525 Hz and higher than 630 Hz. If the speed of transverse waves on the string is 384 m>s, what is the length of the string? Assume that the mass of the wire is small enough for its effect on the tension in the wire to be ignored.

A 0.800-m-long string with linear mass density m = 7.50 g>m is stretched between two supports. The string has tension F and a standing-wave pattern (not the fundamental) of frequency 624 Hz. With the same tension, the next higher standing-wave frequency is 780 Hz. (a) What are the frequency and wavelength of the fundamental standing wave for this string? (b) What is the value of F?

A 1.80-m-long uniform bar that weighs 638 N is suspended in a horizontal position by two vertical wires that are attached to the ceiling. One wire is aluminum and the other is copper. The aluminum wire is attached to the left-hand end of the bar, and the copper wire is attached 0.40 m to the left of the right-hand end. Each wire has length 0.600 m and a circular cross section with radius 0.280 mm. What is the fundamental frequency of transverse standing waves for each wire?

A continuous succession of sinusoidal wave pulses are produced at one end of a very long string and travel along the length of the string. The wave has frequency 70.0 Hz, amplitude 5.00 mm, and wavelength 0.600 m. (a) How long does it take the wave to travel a distance of 8.00 m along the length of the string? (b) How long does it take a point on the string to travel a distance of 8.00 m, once the wave train has reached the point and set it into motion? (c) In parts (a) and (b), how does the time change if the amplitude is doubled?

A horizontal wire is tied to supports at each end and vibrates in its second-overtone standing wave. The tension in the wire is 5.00 N, and the node-to-node distance in the standing wave is 6.28 cm. (a) What is the length of the wire? (b) A point at an antinode of the standing wave on the wire travels from its maximum upward displacement to its maximum downward displacement in 8.40 ms. What is the wires mass?

A vertical, 1.20-m length of 18-gauge (diameter of 1.024 mm) copper wire has a 100.0-N ball hanging from it. (a) What is the wavelength of the third harmonic for this wire? (b) A 500.0-N ball now replaces the original ball. What is the change in the wavelength of the third harmonic caused by replacing the light ball with the heavy one? (Hint: See Table 11.1 for Youngs modulus.)

A sinusoidal transverse wave travels on a string. The string has length 8.00 m and mass 6.00 g. The wave speed is 30.0 m>s, and the wavelength is 0.200 m. (a) If the wave is to have an average power of 50.0 W, what must be the amplitude of the wave? (b) For this same string, if the amplitude and wavelength are the same as in part (a), what is the average power for the wave if the tension is increased such that the wave speed is doubled?

A vibrating string 50.0 cm long is under a tension of 1.00 N. The results from five successive stroboscopic pictures are shown in Fig. P15.64. The strobe rate is set at 5000 flashes per minute, and observations reveal that the maximum displacement occurred at flashes 1 and 5 with no other maxima in between. (a) Find the period, frequency, and wavelength for the traveling waves on this string. (b) In what normal mode (harmonic) is the string vibrating? (c) What is the speed of the traveling waves on the string? (d) How fast is point P moving when the string is in (i) position 1 and (ii) position 3? (e) What is the mass of this string?

Clothesline Nodes. Cousin Throckmorton is once again playing with the clothesline in Example 15.2 (Section 15.3). One end of the clothesline is attached to a vertical post. Throcky holds the other end loosely in his hand, so the speed of waves on the clothesline is a relatively slow 0.720 m>s. He finds several frequencies at which he can oscillate his end of the clothesline so that a light clothespin 45.0 cm from the post doesnt move. What are these frequencies?

A strong string of mass 3.00 g and length 2.20 m is tied to supports at each end and is vibrating in its fundamental mode. The maximum transverse speed of a point at the middle of the string is 9.00 m>s. The tension in the string is 330 N. (a) What is the amplitude of the standing wave at its antinode? (b) What is the magnitude of the maximum transverse acceleration of a point at the antinode?

A thin string 2.50 m in length is stretched with a tension of 90.0 N between two supports. When the string vibrates in its first overtone, a point at an antinode of the standing wave on the string has an amplitude of 3.50 cm and a maximum transverse speed of 28.0 m>s. (a) What is the strings mass? (b) What is the magnitude of the maximum transverse acceleration of this point on the string?

A guitar string is vibrating in its fundamental mode, with nodes at each end. The length of the segment of the string that is free to vibrate is 0.386 m. The maximum transverse acceleration of a point at the middle of the segment is 8.40 * 103 m>s 2 and the maximum transverse velocity is 3.80 m>s. (a) What is the amplitude of this standing wave? (b) What is the wave speed for the transverse traveling waves on this string?

A uniform cylindrical steel wire, 55.0 cm long and 1.14 mm in diameter, is fixed at both ends. To what tension must it be adjusted so that, when vibrating in its first overtone, it produces the note D-sharp of frequency 311 Hz? Assume that it stretches an insignificant amount. (Hint: See Table 12.1.)

A string with both ends held fixed is vibrating in its third harmonic. The waves have a speed of 192 m>s and a frequency of 240 Hz. The amplitude of the standing wave at an antinode is 0.400 cm. (a) Calculate the amplitude at points on the string a distance of (i) 40.0 cm; (ii) 20.0 cm; and (iii) 10.0 cm from the left end of the string. (b) At each point in part (a), how much time does it take the string to go from its largest upward displacement to its largest downward displacement? (c) Calculate the maximum transverse velocity and the maximum transverse acceleration of the string at each of the points in part (a)

A large rock that weighs 164.0 N is suspended from the lower end of a thin wire that is 3.00 m long. The density of the rock is 3200 kg>m3 . The mass of the wire is small enough that its effect on the tension in the wire can be ignored. The upper end of the wire is held fixed. When the rock is in air, the fundamental frequency for transverse standing waves on the wire is 42.0 Hz. When the rock is totally submerged in a liquid, with the top of the rock just below the surface, the fundamental frequency for the wire is 28.0 Hz. What is the density of the liquid?

Holding Up Under Stress. A string or rope will break apart if it is placed under too much tensile stress [see Eq. (11.8)]. Thicker ropes can withstand more tension without breaking because the thicker the rope, the greater the cross-sectional area and the smaller the stress. One type of steel has density 7800 kg>m3 and will break if the tensile stress exceeds 7.0 * 108 N>m2 . You want to make a guitar string from 4.0 g of this type of steel. In use, the guitar string must be able to withstand a tension of 900 N without breaking. Your job is to determine (a) the maximum length and minimum radius the string can have; (b) the highest possible fundamental frequency of standing waves on this string, if the entire length of the string is free to vibrate

Tuning an Instrument. A musician tunes the C-string of her instrument to a fundamental frequency of 65.4 Hz. The vibrating portion of the string is 0.600 m long and has a mass of 14.4 g. (a) With what tension must the musician stretch it? (b) What percent increase in tension is needed to increase the frequency from 65.4 Hz to 73.4 Hz, corresponding to a rise in pitch from C to D?

Scale length is the length of the part of a guitar string that is free to vibrate. A standard value of scale length for an acoustic guitar is 25.5 in. The frequency of the fundamental standing wave on a string is determined by the strings scale length, tension, and linear mass density. The standard frequencies f to which the strings of a six-string guitar are tuned are given in the table: String E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 f 1Hz2 82.4 110.0 146.8 196.0 246.9 329.6 Assume that a typical value of the tension of a guitar string is 78.0 N (although tension varies somewhat for different strings). (a) Calculate the linear mass density m (in g>cm) for the E2, G3, and E4 strings. (b) Just before your band is going to perform, your G3 string breaks. The only replacement string you have is an E2. If your strings have the linear mass densities calculated in part (a), what must be the tension in the replacement string to bring its fundamental frequency to the G3 value of 196.0 Hz?

In your physics lab, an oscillator is attached to one end of a horizontal string. The other end of the string passes over a frictionless pulley. You suspend a mass M from the free end of the string, producing tension Mg in the string. The oscillator produces transverse waves of frequency f on the string. You dont vary this frequency during the experiment, but you try strings with three different linear mass densities m. You also keep a fixed distance between the end of the string where the oscillator is attached and the point where the string is in contact with the pulleys rim. To produce standing waves on the string, you vary M; then you measure the node-to-node distance d for each standingwave pattern and obtain the following data: String A A B B C M 1g,cm2 0.0260 0.0260 0.0374 0.0374 0.0482 M 1g2 559 249 365 207 262 d 1cm2 48.1 31.9 32.0 24.2 23.8 (a) Explain why you obtain only certain values of d. (b) Graph md2 1in kg # m2 versus M 1in kg2. Explain why the data plotted this way should fall close to a straight line. (c) Use the slope of the best straight-line fit to the data to determine the frequency f of the waves produced on the string by the oscillator. Take g = 9.80 m>s 2 . (d) For string A (m = 0.0260 g>cm), what value of M (in grams) would be required to produce a standing wave with a node-to-node distance of 24.0 cm? Use the value of f that you calculated in part (c).

You are measuring the frequency dependence of the average power Pav transmitted by traveling waves on a wire. In your experiment you use a wire with linear mass density 3.5 g>m. For a transverse wave on the wire with amplitude 4.0 mm, you measure Pav (in watts) as a function of the frequency f of the wave (in Hz). You have chosen to plot Pav as a function of f 2 (Fig. P15.76). (a) Explain why values of Pav plotted versus f 2 should be well fit by a straight line. (b) Use the slope of the straight-line fit to the data shown in Fig P15.76 to calculate the speed of the waves. (c) What angular frequency v would result in Pav = 10.0 W?

You are measuring the frequency dependence of the average power Pav transmitted by traveling waves on a

What is the wavelength of the wave that travels on the surface of the vocal folds when they are vibrating at frequency f ? (a) 2.0 mm; (b) 3.3 mm; (c) 0.50 cm; (d) 3.0 cm

Which of these is a possible mathematical description of the wave in Problem 15.78? (a) Asin32pf1t + z>v24; (b) Asin32pf1t - z>v24; (c) Asin12pft2cos12pz>l2; (d) Asin12pft2 sin12pz>l2.

The wave speed is measured for different vibration frequencies. A graph of the wave speed as a function of frequency (Fig. P15.80) indicates that as the frequency increases, the wavelength (a) increases; (b) decreases; (c) doesnt change; (d) becomes undefined.